# Linux Kernel {#sec-kernel-config}

You can override the Linux kernel and associated packages using the
option `boot.kernelPackages`. For instance, this selects the Linux 3.10
kernel:

```nix
{ boot.kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxKernel.packages.linux_3_10; }
```

Note that this not only replaces the kernel, but also packages that are
specific to the kernel version, such as the NVIDIA video drivers. This
ensures that driver packages are consistent with the kernel.

While `pkgs.linuxKernel.packages` contains all available kernel packages,
you may want to use one of the unversioned `pkgs.linuxPackages_*` aliases
such as `pkgs.linuxPackages_latest`, that are kept up to date with new
versions.

Please note that the current convention in NixOS is to only keep actively
maintained kernel versions on both unstable and the currently supported stable
release(s) of NixOS. This means that a non-longterm kernel will be removed after it's
abandoned by the kernel developers, even on stable NixOS versions. If you
pin your kernel onto a non-longterm version, expect your evaluation to fail as
soon as the version is out of maintenance.

A kernel will be removed from nixpkgs when the first batch of stable kernels
_after_ the final release is published. E.g. when 6.15.11 is the final release
of the 6.15 series and is released together with 6.16.3 and 6.12.43, it will be
removed on the release of 6.16.4 and 6.12.44. Custom kernel variants such
as linux-hardened are also affected by this.

Longterm versions of kernels will be removed before the next stable NixOS that will
exceed the maintenance period of the kernel version.

The default Linux kernel configuration should be fine for most users.
You can see the configuration of your current kernel with the following
command:

```ShellSession
zcat /proc/config.gz
```

If you want to change the kernel configuration, you can use the
`packageOverrides` feature (see [](#sec-customising-packages)). For
instance, to enable support for the kernel debugger KGDB:

```nix
{
  nixpkgs.config.packageOverrides =
    pkgs:
    pkgs.lib.recursiveUpdate pkgs {
      linuxKernel.kernels.linux_5_10 = pkgs.linuxKernel.kernels.linux_5_10.override {
        extraConfig = ''
          KGDB y
        '';
      };
    };
}
```

`extraConfig` takes a list of Linux kernel configuration options, one
per line. The name of the option should not include the prefix
`CONFIG_`. The option value is typically `y`, `n` or `m` (to build
something as a kernel module).

Kernel modules for hardware devices are generally loaded automatically
by `udev`. You can force a module to be loaded via
[](#opt-boot.kernelModules), e.g.

```nix
{
  boot.kernelModules = [
    "fuse"
    "kvm-intel"
    "coretemp"
  ];
}
```

If the module is required early during the boot (e.g. to mount the root
file system), you can use [](#opt-boot.initrd.kernelModules):

```nix
{ boot.initrd.kernelModules = [ "cifs" ]; }
```

This causes the specified modules and their dependencies to be added to
the initial ramdisk.

Kernel runtime parameters can be set through
[](#opt-boot.kernel.sysctl), e.g.

```nix
{ boot.kernel.sysctl."net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time" = 120; }
```

sets the kernel's TCP keepalive time to 120 seconds. To see the
available parameters, run `sysctl -a`.

## Building a custom kernel {#sec-linux-config-customizing}

Please refer to the Nixpkgs manual for the various ways of [building a custom kernel](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual#sec-linux-kernel).

To use your custom kernel package in your NixOS configuration, set

```nix
{ boot.kernelPackages = pkgs.linuxPackagesFor yourCustomKernel; }
```

## Rust {#sec-linux-rust}

The Linux kernel does not have Rust language support enabled by
default. For kernel versions 6.7 or newer, experimental Rust support
can be enabled. In a NixOS configuration, set:

```nix
{
  boot.kernelPatches = [
    {
      name = "Rust Support";
      patch = null;
      features = {
        rust = true;
      };
    }
  ];
}
```

## Developing kernel modules {#sec-linux-config-developing-modules}

This section was moved to the [Nixpkgs manual](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual#sec-linux-kernel-developing-modules).

## ZFS {#sec-linux-zfs}

It's a common issue that the latest stable version of ZFS doesn't support the latest
available Linux kernel. It is recommended to use the latest available LTS that's compatible
with ZFS. Usually this is the default kernel provided by nixpkgs (i.e. `pkgs.linuxPackages`).
