netboot: add bootloader-related stuff only if they are available on host platform

.editorconfig

@@ -17,10 +17,6 @@ end_of_line = unset
 insert_final_newline = unset
 trim_trailing_whitespace = unset
 
-# We want readFile .version to return the version without a newline.
-[.version]
-insert_final_newline = false
-
 # see https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#chap-conventions
 
 # Match json/lockfiles/markdown/nix/perl/python/ruby/shell/docbook files, set indent to spaces
@@ -94,9 +90,6 @@ insert_final_newline = unset
 indent_style = unset
 trim_trailing_whitespace = unset
 
-[pkgs/misc/documentation-highlighter/**]
-insert_final_newline = unset
-
 [pkgs/servers/dict/wordnet_structures.py]
 trim_trailing_whitespace = unset
 
@@ -112,7 +105,3 @@ charset = unset
 [lib/tests/*.plist]
 indent_style = tab
 insert_final_newline = unset
-
-[pkgs/kde/generated/**]
-insert_final_newline = unset
-end_of_line = unset

.git-blame-ignore-revs

@@ -39,66 +39,3 @@ d1c1a0c656ccd8bd3b25d3c4287f2d075faf3cf3
 
 # fix indentation in meteor default.nix
 a37a6de881ec4c6708e6b88fd16256bbc7f26bbd
-
-# treewide: automatically md-convert option descriptions
-2e751c0772b9d48ff6923569adfa661b030ab6a2
-
-# nixos/*: automatically convert option docs
-087472b1e5230ffc8ba642b1e4f9218adf4634a2
-
-# nixos/*: automatically convert option descriptions
-ef176dcf7e76c3639571d7c6051246c8fbadf12a
-
-# nixos/*: automatically convert option docs to MD
-61e93df1891972bae3e0c97a477bd44e8a477aa0
-
-# nixos/*: convert options with admonitions to MD
-722b99bc0eb57711c0498a86a3f55e6c69cdb05f
-
-# nixos/*: automatically convert option docs
-6039648c50c7c0858b5e506c6298773a98e0f066
-
-# nixos/*: md-convert options with unordered lists
-c915b915b5e466a0b0b2af2906cd4d2380b8a1de
-
-# nixos/*: convert options with listings
-f2ea09ecbe1fa1da32eaa6e036d64ac324a2986f
-
-# nixos/*: convert straggler options to MD
-1d41cff3dc4c8f37bb5841f51fcbff705e169178
-
-# nixos/*: normalize manpage references to single-line form
-423545fe4865d126e86721ba30da116e29c65004
-
-# nixos/documentation: split options doc build
-fc614c37c653637e5475a0b0a987489b4d1f351d
-
-# nixos/*: convert options with admonitions to MD
-722b99bc0eb57711c0498a86a3f55e6c69cdb05f
-
-# nixos/*: convert internal option descriptions to MD
-9547123258f69efd92b54763051d6dc7f3bfcaca
-
-# nixos/*: replace </para><para> with double linebreaks
-694d5b19d30bf66687b42fb77f43ea7cd1002a62
-
-# treewide: add defaultText for options with simple interpolation defaults
-fb0e5be84331188a69b3edd31679ca6576edb75a
-
-# nixos/*: mark pre-existing markdown descriptions as mdDoc
-7e7d68a250f75678451cd44f8c3d585bf750461e
-
-# nixos/*: normalize link format
-3aebb4a2be8821a6d8a695f0908d8567dc00de31
-
-# nixos/*: replace <code> in option docs with <literal>
-16102dce2fbad670bd47dd75c860a8daa5fe47ad
-
-# nixos/*: add trivial defaultText for options with simple defaults
-25124556397ba17bfd70297000270de1e6523b0a
-
-# systemd: rewrite comments
-92dfeb7b3dab820ae307c56c216d175c69ee93cd
-
-# systemd: break too long lines of Nix code
-67643f8ec84bef1482204709073e417c9f07eb87

.github/CODEOWNERS

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 # This also holds true for GitHub teams. Since almost none of our teams have write
 # permissions, you need to list all members of the team with commit access individually.
 
+# This file
+/.github/CODEOWNERS @edolstra
+
 # GitHub actions
 /.github/workflows @NixOS/Security @Mic92 @zowoq
 /.github/workflows/merge-staging @FRidh
@@ -19,76 +22,49 @@
 /.editorconfig @Mic92 @zowoq
 
 # Libraries
-/lib                        @infinisil
-/lib/systems                @alyssais @ericson2314
-/lib/generators.nix         @infinisil @Profpatsch
-/lib/cli.nix                @infinisil @Profpatsch
-/lib/debug.nix              @infinisil @Profpatsch
-/lib/asserts.nix            @infinisil @Profpatsch
-/lib/path.*                 @infinisil
-/lib/fileset                @infinisil
-## Libraries / Module system
-/lib/modules.nix            @infinisil @roberth
-/lib/types.nix              @infinisil @roberth
-/lib/options.nix            @infinisil @roberth
-/lib/tests/modules.sh       @infinisil @roberth
-/lib/tests/modules          @infinisil @roberth
+/lib                        @edolstra @infinisil
+/lib/systems                @alyssais @ericson2314 @matthewbauer
+/lib/generators.nix         @edolstra @Profpatsch
+/lib/cli.nix                @edolstra @Profpatsch
+/lib/debug.nix              @edolstra @Profpatsch
+/lib/asserts.nix            @edolstra @Profpatsch
+/lib/path.*                 @infinisil @fricklerhandwerk
 
 # Nixpkgs Internals
 /default.nix                                     @Ericson2314
 /pkgs/top-level/default.nix                      @Ericson2314
 /pkgs/top-level/impure.nix                       @Ericson2314
-/pkgs/top-level/stage.nix                        @Ericson2314
-/pkgs/top-level/splice.nix                       @Ericson2314
-/pkgs/top-level/release-cross.nix                @Ericson2314
-/pkgs/stdenv/generic                             @Ericson2314
-/pkgs/stdenv/generic/check-meta.nix              @Ericson2314 @piegamesde
-/pkgs/stdenv/cross                               @Ericson2314
+/pkgs/top-level/stage.nix                        @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/top-level/splice.nix                       @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/top-level/release-cross.nix                @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/stdenv/generic                             @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/stdenv/generic/check-meta.nix              @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer @piegamesde
+/pkgs/stdenv/cross                               @Ericson2314 @matthewbauer
 /pkgs/build-support/cc-wrapper                   @Ericson2314
 /pkgs/build-support/bintools-wrapper             @Ericson2314
 /pkgs/build-support/setup-hooks                  @Ericson2314
 /pkgs/build-support/setup-hooks/auto-patchelf.sh @layus
 /pkgs/build-support/setup-hooks/auto-patchelf.py @layus
 /pkgs/pkgs-lib                                   @infinisil
-## Format generators/serializers
-/pkgs/pkgs-lib/formats/libconfig                 @ckiee @h7x4
-/pkgs/pkgs-lib/formats/hocon                     @h7x4
-
-# pkgs/by-name
-/pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name @infinisil
-/pkgs/by-name/README.md @infinisil
-/pkgs/top-level/by-name-overlay.nix @infinisil
-/.github/workflows/check-by-name.yml @infinisil
 
 # Nixpkgs build-support
 /pkgs/build-support/writers @lassulus @Profpatsch
 
 # Nixpkgs make-disk-image
-/doc/build-helpers/images/makediskimage.section.md  @raitobezarius
+/doc/builders/images/makediskimage.section.md  @raitobezarius
 /nixos/lib/make-disk-image.nix                 @raitobezarius
 
-# Nix, the package manager
-pkgs/tools/package-management/nix/                    @raitobezarius @ma27
-nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix  @raitobezarius @ma27
-
 # Nixpkgs documentation
 /maintainers/scripts/db-to-md.sh @jtojnar @ryantm
 /maintainers/scripts/doc @jtojnar @ryantm
 
-# Contributor documentation
-/CONTRIBUTING.md @infinisil
-/.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md @infinisil
-/doc/contributing/ @infinisil
-/doc/contributing/contributing-to-documentation.chapter.md @jtojnar @infinisil
-/lib/README.md @infinisil
-/doc/README.md @infinisil
-/nixos/README.md @infinisil
-/pkgs/README.md @infinisil
-/maintainers/README.md @infinisil
-
-# User-facing development documentation
-/doc/development.md @infinisil
-/doc/development @infinisil
+/doc/* @fricklerhandwerk
+/doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters @jtojnar
+/doc/builders/trivial-builders.chapter.md @fricklerhandwerk
+/doc/contributing/ @fricklerhandwerk
+/doc/contributing/contributing-to-documentation.chapter.md @jtojnar @fricklerhandwerk
+/doc/stdenv @fricklerhandwerk
+/doc/using @fricklerhandwerk
 
 # NixOS Internals
 /nixos/default.nix                                    @infinisil
@@ -110,13 +86,6 @@ nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix  @raitobezarius @ma27
 /nixos/lib/systemd-*.nix                    @NixOS/systemd
 /pkgs/os-specific/linux/systemd             @NixOS/systemd
 
-# Systemd-boot
-/nixos/modules/system/boot/loader/systemd-boot      @JulienMalka
-
-# Images and installer media
-/nixos/modules/installer/cd-dvd/            @samueldr
-/nixos/modules/installer/sd-card/           @samueldr
-
 # Updaters
 ## update.nix
 /maintainers/scripts/update.nix   @jtojnar
@@ -128,16 +97,17 @@ nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix  @raitobezarius @ma27
 /maintainers/scripts/update-python-libraries	              @FRidh
 /pkgs/development/interpreters/python                       @FRidh
 /doc/languages-frameworks/python.section.md                 @FRidh @mweinelt
+/pkgs/development/tools/poetry2nix                          @adisbladis
 /pkgs/development/interpreters/python/hooks                 @FRidh @jonringer
 
 # Haskell
-/doc/languages-frameworks/haskell.section.md  @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/maintainers/scripts/haskell                  @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/pkgs/development/compilers/ghc               @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/pkgs/development/haskell-modules             @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/pkgs/test/haskell                            @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/pkgs/top-level/release-haskell.nix           @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
-/pkgs/top-level/haskell-packages.nix          @sternenseemann @maralorn @ncfavier
+/doc/languages-frameworks/haskell.section.md  @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/maintainers/scripts/haskell                  @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/pkgs/development/compilers/ghc               @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/pkgs/development/haskell-modules             @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/pkgs/test/haskell                            @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/pkgs/top-level/release-haskell.nix           @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
+/pkgs/top-level/haskell-packages.nix          @cdepillabout @sternenseemann @maralorn
 
 # Perl
 /pkgs/development/interpreters/perl @stigtsp @zakame @dasJ
@@ -158,10 +128,12 @@ nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix  @raitobezarius @ma27
 /doc/languages-frameworks/rust.section.md @zowoq @winterqt @figsoda
 
 # C compilers
-/pkgs/development/compilers/gcc
-/pkgs/development/compilers/llvm @RaitoBezarius
-/pkgs/development/compilers/emscripten @raitobezarius
-/doc/languages-frameworks/emscripten.section.md @raitobezarius
+/pkgs/development/compilers/gcc @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/development/compilers/llvm @matthewbauer @RaitoBezarius
+
+# Compatibility stuff
+/pkgs/top-level/unix-tools.nix @matthewbauer
+/pkgs/development/tools/xcbuild @matthewbauer
 
 # Audio
 /nixos/modules/services/audio/botamusique.nix @mweinelt
@@ -171,8 +143,6 @@ nixos/modules/installer/tools/nix-fallback-paths.nix  @raitobezarius @ma27
 
 # Browsers
 /pkgs/applications/networking/browsers/firefox @mweinelt
-/pkgs/applications/networking/browsers/chromium @emilylange
-/nixos/tests/chromium.nix @emilylange
 
 # Certificate Authorities
 pkgs/data/misc/cacert/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
@@ -185,18 +155,11 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 # Licenses
 /lib/licenses.nix @alyssais
 
-# Qt
-/pkgs/development/libraries/qt-5 @NixOS/qt-kde
-/pkgs/development/libraries/qt-6 @NixOS/qt-kde
-
-# KDE / Plasma 5
-/pkgs/applications/kde @NixOS/qt-kde
-/pkgs/desktops/plasma-5 @NixOS/qt-kde
-/pkgs/development/libraries/kde-frameworks @NixOS/qt-kde
-
-# KDE / Plasma 6
-/pkgs/kde @NixOS/qt-kde
-/maintainers/scripts/kde @NixOS/qt-kde
+# Qt / KDE
+/pkgs/applications/kde @ttuegel
+/pkgs/desktops/plasma-5 @ttuegel
+/pkgs/development/libraries/kde-frameworks @ttuegel
+/pkgs/development/libraries/qt-5 @ttuegel
 
 # PostgreSQL and related stuff
 /pkgs/servers/sql/postgresql @thoughtpolice @marsam
@@ -204,10 +167,6 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 /nixos/modules/services/databases/postgresql.nix @thoughtpolice
 /nixos/tests/postgresql.nix @thoughtpolice
 
-# Linux kernel
-/pkgs/os-specific/linux/kernel    @raitobezarius
-/pkgs/top-level/linux-kernels.nix @raitobezarius
-
 # Hardened profile & related modules
 /nixos/modules/profiles/hardened.nix @joachifm
 /nixos/modules/security/hidepid.nix @joachifm
@@ -231,7 +190,6 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 /nixos/modules/services/networking/ntp @thoughtpolice
 
 # Network
-/pkgs/tools/networking/octodns @Janik-Haag
 /pkgs/tools/networking/kea/default.nix @mweinelt
 /pkgs/tools/networking/babeld/default.nix @mweinelt
 /nixos/modules/services/networking/babeld.nix @mweinelt
@@ -242,11 +200,6 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 /nixos/tests/kea.nix @mweinelt
 /nixos/tests/knot.nix @mweinelt
 
-# Web servers
-/doc/packages/nginx.section.md @raitobezarius
-/pkgs/servers/http/nginx/ @raitobezarius
-/nixos/modules/services/web-servers/nginx/ @raitobezarius
-
 # Dhall
 /pkgs/development/dhall-modules      @Gabriella439 @Profpatsch @ehmry
 /pkgs/development/interpreters/dhall @Gabriella439 @Profpatsch @ehmry
@@ -277,19 +230,30 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 # VsCode Extensions
 /pkgs/applications/editors/vscode/extensions   @jonringer
 
+# Prometheus exporter modules and tests
+/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/prometheus/exporters.nix  @WilliButz
+/nixos/modules/services/monitoring/prometheus/exporters.xml  @WilliButz
+/nixos/tests/prometheus-exporters.nix                        @WilliButz
+
 # PHP interpreter, packages, extensions, tests and documentation
-/doc/languages-frameworks/php.section.md          @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
-/nixos/tests/php                                  @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
-/pkgs/build-support/php/build-pecl.nix            @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
-/pkgs/build-support/php                                     @drupol
-/pkgs/development/interpreters/php       @jtojnar @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
-/pkgs/development/php-packages                    @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
-/pkgs/top-level/php-packages.nix         @jtojnar @aanderse @drupol @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/doc/languages-frameworks/php.section.md          @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/nixos/tests/php                                  @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/pkgs/build-support/build-pecl.nix                @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/pkgs/development/interpreters/php       @jtojnar @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/pkgs/development/php-packages                    @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+/pkgs/top-level/php-packages.nix         @jtojnar @aanderse @etu @globin @ma27 @talyz
+
+# Podman, CRI-O modules and related
+/nixos/modules/virtualisation/containers.nix @zowoq @adisbladis
+/nixos/modules/virtualisation/cri-o.nix      @zowoq @adisbladis
+/nixos/modules/virtualisation/podman         @zowoq @adisbladis
+/nixos/tests/cri-o.nix                       @zowoq @adisbladis
+/nixos/tests/podman                          @zowoq @adisbladis
 
 # Docker tools
 /pkgs/build-support/docker                   @roberth
 /nixos/tests/docker-tools*                   @roberth
-/doc/build-helpers/images/dockertools.section.md  @roberth
+/doc/builders/images/dockertools.section.md  @roberth
 
 # Blockchains
 /pkgs/applications/blockchains  @mmahut @RaghavSood
@@ -315,6 +279,12 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 # terraform providers
 /pkgs/applications/networking/cluster/terraform-providers @zowoq
 
+# kubernetes
+/nixos/doc/manual/configuration/kubernetes.chapter.md @zowoq
+/nixos/modules/services/cluster/kubernetes            @zowoq
+/nixos/tests/kubernetes                               @zowoq
+/pkgs/applications/networking/cluster/kubernetes      @zowoq
+
 # Matrix
 /pkgs/servers/heisenbridge                                 @piegamesde
 /pkgs/servers/matrix-conduit                               @piegamesde
@@ -322,45 +292,23 @@ pkgs/development/python-modules/buildcatrust/ @ajs124 @lukegb @mweinelt
 /nixos/modules/services/misc/matrix-conduit.nix            @piegamesde
 /nixos/tests/matrix-conduit.nix                            @piegamesde
 
-# Forgejo
-nixos/modules/services/misc/forgejo.nix      @bendlas @emilylange
-pkgs/applications/version-management/forgejo @bendlas @emilylange
-
 # Dotnet
-/pkgs/build-support/dotnet                  @IvarWithoutBones
-/pkgs/development/compilers/dotnet          @IvarWithoutBones
-/pkgs/test/dotnet                           @IvarWithoutBones
-/doc/languages-frameworks/dotnet.section.md @IvarWithoutBones
+/pkgs/build-support/dotnet          @IvarWithoutBones
+/pkgs/development/compilers/dotnet  @IvarWithoutBones
 
 # Node.js
-/pkgs/build-support/node/build-npm-package      @lilyinstarlight @winterqt
-/pkgs/build-support/node/fetch-npm-deps         @lilyinstarlight @winterqt
-/doc/languages-frameworks/javascript.section.md @lilyinstarlight @winterqt
-
-# environment.noXlibs option aka NoX
-/nixos/modules/config/no-x-libs.nix  @SuperSandro2000
+/pkgs/build-support/node/build-npm-package      @winterqt
+/pkgs/build-support/node/fetch-npm-deps         @winterqt
+/doc/languages-frameworks/javascript.section.md @winterqt
 
 # OCaml
-/pkgs/build-support/ocaml           @ulrikstrid
-/pkgs/development/compilers/ocaml   @ulrikstrid
-/pkgs/development/ocaml-modules     @ulrikstrid
+/pkgs/build-support/ocaml           @romildo @ulrikstrid
+/pkgs/development/compilers/ocaml   @romildo @ulrikstrid
+/pkgs/development/ocaml-modules     @romildo @ulrikstrid
 
 # ZFS
-pkgs/os-specific/linux/zfs/2_1.nix        @raitobezarius
-pkgs/os-specific/linux/zfs/generic.nix    @raitobezarius
+pkgs/os-specific/linux/zfs                @raitobezarius
+nixos/lib/make-single-disk-zfs-image.nix  @raitobezarius
+nixos/lib/make-multi-disk-zfs-image.nix   @raitobezarius
 nixos/modules/tasks/filesystems/zfs.nix   @raitobezarius
 nixos/tests/zfs.nix                       @raitobezarius
-
-# Zig
-/pkgs/development/compilers/zig @figsoda
-/doc/hooks/zig.section.md       @figsoda
-
-# Buildbot
-nixos/modules/services/continuous-integration/buildbot @Mic92 @zowoq
-nixos/tests/buildbot.nix                               @Mic92 @zowoq
-pkgs/development/tools/continuous-integration/buildbot @Mic92 @zowoq
-
-# Pretix
-pkgs/by-name/pr/pretix/ @mweinelt
-nixos/modules/services/web-apps/pretix.nix @mweinelt
-nixos/tests/web-apps/pretix.nix @mweinelt

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/bug_report.md

@@ -39,10 +39,3 @@ Please run `nix-shell -p nix-info --run "nix-info -m"` and paste the result.
 [user@system:~]$ nix-shell -p nix-info --run "nix-info -m"
 output here
 ```
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/build_failure.md

@@ -37,10 +37,3 @@ Please run `nix-shell -p nix-info --run "nix-info -m"` and paste the result.
 [user@system:~]$ nix-shell -p nix-info --run "nix-info -m"
 output here
 ```
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/missing_documentation.md

@@ -30,9 +30,3 @@ assignees: ''
 [open documentation issues]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+label%3A%229.needs%3A+documentation%22
 [open documentation pull requests]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Apr+label%3A%228.has%3A+documentation%22%2C%226.topic%3A+documentation%22
 
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/out_of_date_package_report.md

@@ -26,10 +26,3 @@ There's a high chance that you'll have the new version right away while helping
 -----
 
 Note for maintainers: Please tag this issue in your PR.
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/packaging_request.md

@@ -17,10 +17,3 @@ assignees: ''
 * source URL:
 * license: mit, bsd, gpl2+ , ...
 * platforms: unix, linux, darwin, ...
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/ISSUE_TEMPLATE/unreproducible_package.md

@@ -7,88 +7,25 @@ assignees: ''
 
 ---
 
-<!--
-Hello dear reporter,
+Building this package twice does not produce the bit-by-bit identical result each time, making it harder to detect CI breaches. You can read more about this at https://reproducible-builds.org/ .
 
-Thank you for bringing attention to this issue. Your insights are valuable to
-us, and we appreciate the time you took to document the problem.
-
-I wanted to kindly point out that in this issue template, it would be beneficial
-to replace the placeholder `<package>` with the actual, canonical name of the
-package you're reporting the issue for. Doing so will provide better context and
-facilitate quicker troubleshooting for anyone who reads this issue in the
-future.
-
-Best regards
--->
-
-Building this package multiple times does not yield bit-by-bit identical
-results, complicating the detection of Continuous Integration (CI) breaches. For
-more information on this issue, visit
-[reproducible-builds.org](https://reproducible-builds.org/).
-
-Fixing bit-by-bit reproducibility also has additional advantages, such as
-avoiding hard-to-reproduce bugs, making content-addressed storage more effective
-and reducing rebuilds in such systems.
+Fixing bit-by-bit reproducibility also has additional advantages, such as avoiding hard-to-reproduce bugs, making content-addressed storage more effective and reducing rebuilds in such systems.
 
 ### Steps To Reproduce
 
-In the following steps, replace `<package>` with the canonical name of the
-package.
-
-#### 1. Build the package
-
-This step will build the package. Specific arguments are passed to the command
-to keep the build artifacts so we can compare them in case of differences.
-
-Execute the following command:
-
 ```
-nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A <package> && nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A <package> --check --keep-failed
+nix-build '<nixpkgs>' -A ... --check --keep-failed
 ```
 
-Or using the new command line style:
+You can use `diffoscope` to analyze the differences in the output of the two builds.
+
+To view the build log of the build that produced the artifact in the binary cache:
 
 ```
-nix build nixpkgs#<package> && nix build nixpkgs#<package> --rebuild --keep-failed
-```
-
-#### 2. Compare the build artifacts
-
-If the previous command completes successfully, no differences were found and
-there's nothing to do, builds are reproducible.
-If it terminates with the error message `error: derivation '<X>' may not be
-deterministic: output '<Y>' differs from '<Z>'`, use `diffoscope` to investigate
-the discrepancies between the two build outputs. You may need to add the
-`--exclude-directory-metadata recursive` option to ignore files and directories
-metadata (*e.g. timestamp*) differences.
-
-```
-nix run nixpkgs#diffoscopeMinimal -- --exclude-directory-metadata recursive <Y> <Z>
-```
-
-#### 3. Examine the build log
-
-To examine the build log, use:
-
-```
-nix-store --read-log $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A <package>)
-```
-
-Or with the new command line style:
-
-```
-nix log $(nix path-info --derivation nixpkgs#<package>)
+nix-store --read-log $(nix-instantiate '<nixpkgs>' -A ...)
 ```
 
 ### Additional context
 
-(please share the relevant fragment of the diffoscope output here, and any
-additional analysis you may have done)
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [issues you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[issues you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=is%3Aissue+is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc
+(please share the relevant fragment of the diffoscope output here,
+and any additional analysis you may have done)

.github/PULL_REQUEST_TEMPLATE.md

@@ -1,11 +1,11 @@
-## Description of changes
+###### Description of changes
 
 <!--
 For package updates please link to a changelog or describe changes, this helps your fellow maintainers discover breaking updates.
 For new packages please briefly describe the package or provide a link to its homepage.
 -->
 
-## Things done
+###### Things done
 
 <!-- Please check what applies. Note that these are not hard requirements but merely serve as information for reviewers. -->
 
@@ -14,9 +14,7 @@ For new packages please briefly describe the package or provide a link to its ho
   - [ ] aarch64-linux
   - [ ] x86_64-darwin
   - [ ] aarch64-darwin
-- For non-Linux: Is sandboxing enabled in `nix.conf`? (See [Nix manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file.html))
-  - [ ] `sandbox = relaxed`
-  - [ ] `sandbox = true`
+- [ ] For non-Linux: Is `sandbox = true` set in `nix.conf`? (See [Nix manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file.html))
 - [ ] Tested, as applicable:
   - [NixOS test(s)](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/unstable/index.html#sec-nixos-tests) (look inside [nixos/tests](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/tests))
   - and/or [package tests](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#sec-package-tests)
@@ -24,7 +22,7 @@ For new packages please briefly describe the package or provide a link to its ho
   - made sure NixOS tests are [linked](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#ssec-nixos-tests-linking) to the relevant packages
 - [ ] Tested compilation of all packages that depend on this change using `nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review rev HEAD"`. Note: all changes have to be committed, also see [nixpkgs-review usage](https://github.com/Mic92/nixpkgs-review#usage)
 - [ ] Tested basic functionality of all binary files (usually in `./result/bin/`)
-- [24.05 Release Notes](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/rl-2405.section.md) (or backporting [23.05](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/rl-2305.section.md) and [23.11](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/rl-2311.section.md) Release notes)
+- [23.11 Release Notes (or backporting 23.05 Release notes)](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#generating-2305-release-notes)
   - [ ] (Package updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is major or breaking
   - [ ] (Module updates) Added a release notes entry if the change is significant
   - [ ] (Module addition) Added a release notes entry if adding a new NixOS module
@@ -38,12 +36,5 @@ Reviewing helps to reduce the average time-to-merge for everyone.
 Thanks a lot if you do!
 
 List of open PRs: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls
-Reviewing guidelines: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md#reviewing-contributions
+Reviewing guidelines: https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#chap-reviewing-contributions
 -->
-
----
-
-Add a :+1: [reaction] to [pull requests you find important].
-
-[reaction]: https://github.blog/2016-03-10-add-reactions-to-pull-requests-issues-and-comments/
-[pull requests you find important]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=is%3Aopen+sort%3Areactions-%2B1-desc

.github/labeler.yml

@@ -1,362 +1,181 @@
 "6.topic: agda":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/agda.section.md
-        - nixos/tests/agda.nix
-        - pkgs/build-support/agda/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/libraries/agda/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/agda-packages.nix
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/agda.section.md
+  - nixos/tests/agda.nix
+  - pkgs/build-support/agda/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/libraries/agda/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/agda-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: cinnamon":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/desktops/cinnamon/**/*
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/cinnamon.nix
-        - nixos/tests/cinnamon.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/cinnamon/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/cinnamon.nix
+  - nixos/tests/cinnamon.nix
 
 "6.topic: emacs":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/editors/emacs.nix
-        - nixos/modules/services/editors/emacs.xml
-        - nixos/tests/emacs-daemon.nix
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/emacs/elisp-packages/**/*
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/emacs/**/*
-        - pkgs/build-support/emacs/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/emacs-packages.nix
+  - nixos/modules/services/editors/emacs.nix
+  - nixos/modules/services/editors/emacs.xml
+  - nixos/tests/emacs-daemon.nix
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/emacs/elisp-packages/**/*
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/emacs/**/*
+  - pkgs/build-support/emacs/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/emacs-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: Enlightenment DE":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/enlightenment.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/enlightenment/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/python-modules/python-efl/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/enlightenment.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/enlightenment/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/python-modules/python-efl/*
 
 "6.topic: erlang":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/beam.section.md
-        - pkgs/development/beam-modules/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/elixir/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/erlang/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/build-managers/rebar/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/build-managers/rebar3/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/erlang/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/beam-packages.nix
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/beam.section.md
+  - pkgs/development/beam-modules/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/elixir/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/erlang/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/tools/build-managers/rebar/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/tools/build-managers/rebar3/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/tools/erlang/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/beam-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: fetch":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/build-support/fetch*/**/*
-
-"6.topic: flakes":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - '**/flake.nix'
-        - lib/systems/flake-systems.nix
-        - nixos/modules/config/nix-flakes.nix
+  - pkgs/build-support/fetch*/**/*
 
 "6.topic: GNOME":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/gnome.section.md
-        - nixos/modules/services/desktops/gnome/**/*
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/gnome.nix
-        - nixos/tests/gnome-xorg.nix
-        - nixos/tests/gnome.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/gnome/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/gnome.section.md
+  - nixos/modules/services/desktops/gnome/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/gnome.nix
+  - nixos/tests/gnome-xorg.nix
+  - nixos/tests/gnome.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/gnome/**/*
 
 "6.topic: golang":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/go.section.md
-        - pkgs/build-support/go/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/go/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/go.section.md
+  - pkgs/build-support/go/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/go/**/*
 
 "6.topic: haskell":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/haskell.section.md
-        - maintainers/scripts/haskell/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/ghc/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/haskell-modules/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/haskell/**/*
-        - pkgs/test/haskell/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/haskell-packages.nix
-        - pkgs/top-level/release-haskell.nix
-
-"6.topic: jupyter":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/development/python-modules/jupyter*/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/python-modules/mkdocs-jupyter/*
-        - nixos/modules/services/development/jupyter/**/*
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/jupyter-kernels/**/*
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/jupyter/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/haskell.section.md
+  - maintainers/scripts/haskell/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/ghc/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/haskell-modules/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/tools/haskell/**/*
+  - pkgs/test/haskell/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/haskell-packages.nix
+  - pkgs/top-level/release-haskell.nix
 
 "6.topic: kernel":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/build-support/kernel/**/*
-        - pkgs/os-specific/linux/kernel/**/*
-
-"6.topic: lib":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - lib/**
+  - pkgs/build-support/kernel/**/*
+  - pkgs/os-specific/linux/kernel/**/*
 
 "6.topic: lua":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/lua-5/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/luajit/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/lua-modules/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/lua-packages.nix
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/lua-5/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/luajit/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/lua-modules/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/lua-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: Lumina DE":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/lumina.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/lumina/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/lumina.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/lumina/**/*
 
 "6.topic: LXQt":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/lxqt.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/lxqt/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/lxqt.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/lxqt/**/*
 
 "6.topic: mate":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/mate.nix
-        - nixos/tests/mate.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/mate/**/*
-
-"6.topic: module system":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - lib/modules.nix
-        - lib/types.nix
-        - lib/options.nix
-        - lib/tests/modules.sh
-        - lib/tests/modules/**
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/mate.nix
+  - nixos/tests/mate.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/mate/**/*
 
 "6.topic: nixos":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/**/*
-        - pkgs/os-specific/linux/nixos-rebuild/**/*
+  - nixos/**/*
+  - pkgs/os-specific/linux/nixos-rebuild/**/*
 
 "6.topic: nim":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/nim.section.md
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/nim/*
-        - pkgs/development/nim-packages/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/nim-packages.nix
-
-"6.topic: nodejs":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/javascript.section.md
-        - pkgs/build-support/node/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/node-packages/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/yarn/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/yarn2nix-moretea/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/web/nodejs/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/nim.section.md
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/nim/*
+  - pkgs/development/nim-packages/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/nim-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: ocaml":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/ocaml.section.md
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/ocaml/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/reason/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/ocaml-modules/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/tools/ocaml/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/ocaml-packages.nix
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/ocaml.section.md
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/ocaml/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/reason/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/ocaml-modules/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/tools/ocaml/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/ocaml-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: pantheon":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/desktops/pantheon/**/*
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/pantheon.nix
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/lightdm-greeters/pantheon.nix
-        - nixos/tests/pantheon.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/pantheon/**/*
-
-"6.topic: php":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/php.section.md
-        - pkgs/build-support/php/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/php/*
-        - pkgs/development/php-packages/**/*
-        - pkgs/test/php/default.nix
-        - pkgs/top-level/php-packages.nix
+  - nixos/modules/services/desktops/pantheon/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/pantheon.nix
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/display-managers/lightdm-greeters/pantheon.nix
+  - nixos/tests/pantheon.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/pantheon/**/*
 
 "6.topic: policy discussion":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - .github/**/*
+  - .github/**/*
 
 "6.topic: printing":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/services/printing/cupsd.nix
-        - pkgs/misc/cups/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/services/printing/cupsd.nix
+  - pkgs/misc/cups/**/*
 
 "6.topic: python":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/python.section.md
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/python/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/python-modules/**/*
-        - pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/python.section.md
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/python/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/python-modules/**/*
+  - pkgs/top-level/python-packages.nix
 
 "6.topic: qt/kde":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/qt.section.md
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/plasma5.nix
-        - nixos/tests/plasma5.nix
-        - pkgs/applications/kde/**/*
-        - pkgs/desktops/plasma-5/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/libraries/kde-frameworks/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/libraries/qt-5/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/qt.section.md
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/plasma5.nix
+  - nixos/tests/plasma5.nix
+  - pkgs/applications/kde/**/*
+  - pkgs/desktops/plasma-5/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/libraries/kde-frameworks/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/libraries/qt-5/**/*
 
 "6.topic: ruby":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/ruby.section.md
-        - pkgs/development/interpreters/ruby/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/ruby-modules/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/ruby.section.md
+  - pkgs/development/interpreters/ruby/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/ruby-modules/**/*
 
 "6.topic: rust":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/rust.section.md
-        - pkgs/build-support/rust/**/*
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/rust/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/rust.section.md
+  - pkgs/build-support/rust/**/*
+  - pkgs/development/compilers/rust/**/*
 
 "6.topic: stdenv":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/stdenv/**/*
+  - pkgs/stdenv/**/*
 
 "6.topic: steam":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/games/steam/**/*
+  - pkgs/games/steam/**/*
 
 "6.topic: systemd":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/os-specific/linux/systemd/**/*
-        - nixos/modules/system/boot/systemd*/**/*
+  - pkgs/os-specific/linux/systemd/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/system/boot/systemd*/**/*
 
 "6.topic: TeX":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/texlive.section.md
-        - pkgs/test/texlive/**
-        - pkgs/tools/typesetting/tex/**/*
-
-"6.topic: testing":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        # NOTE: Let's keep the scope limited to test frameworks that are
-        #       *developed in this repo*;
-        #       - not individual tests
-        #       - not packages for test frameworks
-        - nixos/lib/testing/**
-        - nixos/lib/test-driver/**
-        - nixos/tests/nixos-test-driver/**
-        - nixos/lib/testing-python.nix      # legacy
-        - nixos/tests/make-test-python.nix  # legacy
-        # lib/debug.nix has a test framework (runTests) but it's not the main focus
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/texlive.section.md
+  - pkgs/tools/typesetting/tex/**/*
 
 "6.topic: vim":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/languages-frameworks/vim.section.md
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/vim/**/*
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/vim/plugins/**/*
-        - nixos/modules/programs/neovim.nix
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/neovim/**/*
+  - doc/languages-frameworks/vim.section.md
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/vim/**/*
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/vim/plugins/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/programs/neovim.nix
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/neovim/**/*
 
 "6.topic: vscode":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/applications/editors/vscode/**/*
+  - pkgs/applications/editors/vscode/**/*
 
 "6.topic: xfce":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/doc/manual/configuration/xfce.xml
-        - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/xfce.nix
-        - nixos/tests/xfce.nix
-        - pkgs/desktops/xfce/**/*
-
-"6.topic: zig":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - pkgs/development/compilers/zig/**/*
-        - doc/hooks/zig.section.md
+  - nixos/doc/manual/configuration/xfce.xml
+  - nixos/modules/services/x11/desktop-managers/xfce.nix
+  - nixos/tests/xfce.nix
+  - pkgs/desktops/xfce/**/*
 
 "8.has: changelog":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/**/*
+  - nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/**/*
 
 "8.has: documentation":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - doc/**/*
-        - nixos/doc/**/*
+  - doc/**/*
+  - nixos/doc/**/*
 
 "8.has: module (update)":
-  - any:
-    - changed-files:
-      - any-glob-to-any-file:
-        - nixos/modules/**/*
+  - nixos/modules/**/*

.github/workflows/backport.yml

@@ -20,16 +20,16 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS' && github.event.pull_request.merged == true && (github.event_name != 'labeled' || startsWith('backport', github.event.label.name))
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           ref: ${{ github.event.pull_request.head.sha }}
       - name: Create backport PRs
-        uses: korthout/backport-action@e8161d6a0dbfa2651b7daa76cbb75bc7c925bbf3 # v2.4.1
+        uses: korthout/backport-action@v1.2.0
         with:
           # Config README: https://github.com/korthout/backport-action#backport-action
           copy_labels_pattern: 'severity:\ssecurity'
           pull_description: |-
             Bot-based backport to `${target_branch}`, triggered by a label in #${pull_number}.
 
-            * [ ] Before merging, ensure that this backport is [acceptable for the release](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#changes-acceptable-for-releases).
-              * Even as a non-commiter, if you find that it is not acceptable, leave a comment.
+            * [ ] Before merging, ensure that this backport complies with the [Criteria for Backporting](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#criteria-for-backporting-changes).
+              * Even as a non-commiter, if you find that it does not comply, leave a comment.

.github/workflows/basic-eval.yml

@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     # we don't limit this action to only NixOS repo since the checks are cheap and useful developer feedback
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
-    - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
-    - uses: cachix/cachix-action@18cf96c7c98e048e10a83abd92116114cd8504be # v14
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+    - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
+    - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
       with:
         # This cache is for the nixpkgs repo checks and should not be trusted or used elsewhere.
         name: nixpkgs-ci

.github/workflows/check-by-name.yml

@@ -1,117 +0,0 @@
-# Checks pkgs/by-name (see pkgs/by-name/README.md)
-# using the nixpkgs-check-by-name tool (see pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name)
-#
-# When you make changes to this workflow, also update pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name/scripts/run-local.sh adequately
-name: Check pkgs/by-name
-
-# The tool is pinned to a pre-built version on Hydra,
-# see pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name/scripts/README.md
-on:
-  # Using pull_request_target instead of pull_request avoids having to approve first time contributors
-  pull_request_target:
-    # This workflow depends on the base branch of the PR,
-    # but changing the base branch is not included in the default trigger events,
-    # which would be `opened`, `synchronize` or `reopened`.
-    # Instead it causes an `edited` event, so we need to add it explicitly here
-    # While `edited` is also triggered when the PR title/body is changed,
-    # this PR action is fairly quick, and PR's don't get edited that often,
-    # so it shouldn't be a problem
-    types: [opened, synchronize, reopened, edited]
-
-permissions:
-  # We need this permission to cancel the workflow run if there's a merge conflict
-  actions: write
-
-jobs:
-  check:
-    # This is x86_64-linux, for which the tool is always prebuilt on the nixos-* channels,
-    # as specified in nixos/release-combined.nix
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    # This should take 1 minute at most, but let's be generous.
-    # The default of 6 hours is definitely too long
-    timeout-minutes: 10
-    steps:
-      # This step has to be in this file,
-      # because it's needed to determine which revision of the repository to fetch,
-      # and we can only use other files from the repository once it's fetched.
-      - name: Resolving the merge commit
-        env:
-          GH_TOKEN: ${{ github.token }}
-        run: |
-          # This checks for mergeability of a pull request as recommended in
-          # https://docs.github.com/en/rest/guides/using-the-rest-api-to-interact-with-your-git-database?apiVersion=2022-11-28#checking-mergeability-of-pull-requests
-
-          # Retry the API query this many times
-          retryCount=3
-          # Start with 5 seconds, but double every retry
-          retryInterval=5
-          while true; do
-            echo "Checking whether the pull request can be merged"
-            prInfo=$(gh api \
-              -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-              -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-              /repos/"$GITHUB_REPOSITORY"/pulls/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }})
-            mergeable=$(jq -r .mergeable <<< "$prInfo")
-            mergedSha=$(jq -r .merge_commit_sha <<< "$prInfo")
-
-            if [[ "$mergeable" == "null" ]]; then
-              if (( retryCount == 0 )); then
-                echo "Not retrying anymore, probably GitHub is having internal issues"
-                exit 1
-              else
-                (( retryCount -= 1 )) || true
-
-                # null indicates that GitHub is still computing whether it's mergeable
-                # Wait a couple seconds before trying again
-                echo "GitHub is still computing whether this PR can be merged, waiting $retryInterval seconds before trying again ($retryCount retries left)"
-                sleep "$retryInterval"
-
-                (( retryInterval *= 2 )) || true
-              fi
-            else
-              break
-            fi
-          done
-
-          if [[ "$mergeable" == "true" ]]; then
-            echo "The PR can be merged, checking the merge commit $mergedSha"
-          else
-            echo "The PR cannot be merged, it has a merge conflict, cancelling the workflow.."
-            gh api \
-              --method POST \
-              -H "Accept: application/vnd.github+json" \
-              -H "X-GitHub-Api-Version: 2022-11-28" \
-              /repos/"$GITHUB_REPOSITORY"/actions/runs/"$GITHUB_RUN_ID"/cancel
-            sleep 60
-            # If it's still not canceled after a minute, something probably went wrong, just exit
-            exit 1
-          fi
-          echo "mergedSha=$mergedSha" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
-        with:
-          # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
-          ref: ${{ env.mergedSha }}
-          # Fetches the merge commit and its parents
-          fetch-depth: 2
-      - name: Checking out base branch
-        run: |
-          base=$(mktemp -d)
-          git worktree add "$base" "$(git rev-parse HEAD^1)"
-          echo "base=$base" >> "$GITHUB_ENV"
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
-      - name: Fetching the pinned tool
-        # Update the pinned version using pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name/scripts/update-pinned-tool.sh
-        run: |
-          # Get the direct /nix/store path from the pin to avoid having to evaluate Nixpkgs
-          toolPath=$(jq -r '."ci-path"' pkgs/test/nixpkgs-check-by-name/scripts/pinned-tool.json)
-          # This asks the substituter for the path, which should be there because Hydra will have pre-built and pushed it
-          nix-store --realise "$toolPath" --add-root result
-      - name: Running nixpkgs-check-by-name
-        run: |
-          if result/bin/nixpkgs-check-by-name --base "$base" .; then
-            exit 0
-          else
-            exitCode=$?
-            echo "To run locally: ./maintainers/scripts/check-by-name.sh $GITHUB_BASE_REF https://github.com/$GITHUB_REPOSITORY.git"
-            exit "$exitCode"
-          fi

.github/workflows/check-maintainers-sorted.yaml

@@ -12,11 +12,11 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS'
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
           ref: refs/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}/merge
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
         with:
           # explicitly enable sandbox
           extra_nix_config: sandbox = true

.github/workflows/compare-manuals.sh

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell
+#! nix-shell -i bash -p html-tidy
+
+set -euo pipefail
+shopt -s inherit_errexit
+
+normalize() {
+  tidy \
+      --anchor-as-name no \
+      --coerce-endtags no \
+      --escape-scripts no \
+      --fix-backslash no \
+      --fix-style-tags no \
+      --fix-uri no \
+      --indent yes \
+      --wrap 0 \
+      < "$1" \
+      2> /dev/null
+}
+
+diff -U3 <(normalize "$1") <(normalize "$2")

.github/workflows/direct-push.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+name: "Direct Push Warning"
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+     - master
+     - release-**
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    permissions:
+      contents: write  # for peter-evans/commit-comment to comment on commit
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS'
+    env:
+      GITHUB_SHA: ${{ github.sha }}
+      GITHUB_REPOSITORY: ${{ github.repository }}
+    steps:
+    - name: Check if commit is a merge commit
+      id: ismerge
+      run: |
+        ISMERGE=$(curl -H 'Accept: application/vnd.github.groot-preview+json' -H "authorization: Bearer ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}" https://api.github.com/repos/${{ env.GITHUB_REPOSITORY }}/commits/${{ env.GITHUB_SHA }}/pulls | jq -r '.[] | select(.merge_commit_sha == "${{ env.GITHUB_SHA }}") | any')
+        echo "ismerge=$ISMERGE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+    # github events are eventually consistent, so wait until changes propagate to thier DB
+    - run: sleep 60
+      if: steps.ismerge.outputs.ismerge != 'true'
+    - name: Warn if the commit was a direct push
+      if: steps.ismerge.outputs.ismerge != 'true'
+      uses: peter-evans/commit-comment@v2
+      with:
+        body: |
+          @${{ github.actor }}, you pushed a commit directly to master/release branch
+          instead of going through a Pull Request.
+
+          That's highly discouraged beyond the few exceptions listed
+          on https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/118661

.github/workflows/editorconfig.yml

@@ -24,11 +24,11 @@ jobs:
     - name: print list of changed files
       run: |
         cat "$HOME/changed_files"
-    - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+    - uses: actions/checkout@v3
       with:
         # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
         ref: refs/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}/merge
-    - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
+    - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
       with:
         # nixpkgs commit is pinned so that it doesn't break
         # editorconfig-checker 2.4.0

.github/workflows/labels.yml

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: "github.repository_owner == 'NixOS' && !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[skip treewide]')"
     steps:
-    - uses: actions/labeler@8558fd74291d67161a8a78ce36a881fa63b766a9 # v5.0.0
+    - uses: actions/labeler@v4
       with:
         repo-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
         sync-labels: true

.github/workflows/manual-nixos.yml

@@ -14,18 +14,26 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS'
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
           ref: refs/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}/merge
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
         with:
           # explicitly enable sandbox
           extra_nix_config: sandbox = true
-      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@18cf96c7c98e048e10a83abd92116114cd8504be # v14
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
         with:
           # This cache is for the nixpkgs repo checks and should not be trusted or used elsewhere.
           name: nixpkgs-ci
           signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
-      - name: Building NixOS manual
+      - name: Building NixOS manual with DocBook options
         run: NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd) nix-build --option restrict-eval true nixos/release.nix -A manual.x86_64-linux
+      - name: Building NixOS manual with Markdown options
+        run: |
+          export NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd)
+          nix-build \
+            --option restrict-eval true \
+            --arg configuration '{ documentation.nixos.options.allowDocBook = false; }' \
+            nixos/release.nix \
+            -A manual.x86_64-linux

.github/workflows/manual-nixpkgs.yml

@@ -15,18 +15,18 @@ jobs:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS'
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
         with:
           # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
           ref: refs/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}/merge
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
         with:
           # explicitly enable sandbox
           extra_nix_config: sandbox = true
-      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@18cf96c7c98e048e10a83abd92116114cd8504be # v14
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
         with:
           # This cache is for the nixpkgs repo checks and should not be trusted or used elsewhere.
           name: nixpkgs-ci
           signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
       - name: Building Nixpkgs manual
-        run: NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd) nix-build --option restrict-eval true pkgs/top-level/release.nix -A manual -A manual.tests
+        run: NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd) nix-build --option restrict-eval true pkgs/top-level/release.nix -A manual

.github/workflows/manual-rendering.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+name: "Check NixOS Manual DocBook rendering against MD rendering"
+
+
+on:
+  schedule:
+    # * is a special character in YAML so you have to quote this string
+    # Check every 24 hours
+    - cron:  '0 0 * * *'
+
+permissions:
+  contents: read
+
+jobs:
+  check-rendering-equivalence:
+    permissions:
+      pull-requests: write  # for peter-evans/create-or-update-comment to create or update comment
+    if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
+        with:
+          # explicitly enable sandbox
+          extra_nix_config: sandbox = true
+      - uses: cachix/cachix-action@v12
+        with:
+          # This cache is for the nixpkgs repo checks and should not be trusted or used elsewhere.
+          name: nixpkgs-ci
+          signingKey: '${{ secrets.CACHIX_SIGNING_KEY }}'
+
+      - name: Build DocBook and MD manuals
+        run: |
+          export NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd)
+          nix-build \
+            --option restrict-eval true \
+            -o docbook nixos/release.nix \
+            -A manual.x86_64-linux
+          nix-build \
+            --option restrict-eval true \
+            --arg configuration '{ documentation.nixos.options.allowDocBook = false; }' \
+            -o md nixos/release.nix \
+            -A manual.x86_64-linux
+
+      - name: Compare DocBook and MD manuals
+        id: check
+        run: |
+          export NIX_PATH=nixpkgs=$(pwd)
+          .github/workflows/compare-manuals.sh \
+            docbook/share/doc/nixos/options.html \
+            md/share/doc/nixos/options.html
+
+      # if the manual can't be built we don't want to notify anyone.
+      # while this may temporarily hide rendering failures it will be a lot
+      # less noisy until all nixpkgs pull requests have stopped using
+      # docbook for option docs.
+      - name: Comment on failure
+        uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v3
+        if: ${{ failure() && steps.check.conclusion == 'failure' }}
+        with:
+          issue-number: 189318
+          body: |
+            Markdown and DocBook manuals do not agree.
+
+            Check https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/actions/runs/${{ github.run_id }} for details.

.github/workflows/nix-parse.yml

@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-name: "Check whether nix files are parseable"
-
-permissions: read-all
-
-on:
-  # avoids approving first time contributors
-  pull_request_target:
-    branches-ignore:
-      - 'release-**'
-
-jobs:
-  tests:
-    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
-    if: "github.repository_owner == 'NixOS' && !contains(github.event.pull_request.title, '[skip treewide]')"
-    steps:
-    - name: Get list of changed files from PR
-      env:
-        GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
-      run: |
-        gh api \
-          repos/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls/${{github.event.number}}/files --paginate \
-          | jq --raw-output '.[] | select(.status != "removed" and (.filename | endswith(".nix"))) | .filename' \
-          > "$HOME/changed_files"
-        if [[ -s "$HOME/changed_files" ]]; then
-          echo "CHANGED_FILES=$HOME/changed_files" > "$GITHUB_ENV"
-        fi
-    - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
-      with:
-        # pull_request_target checks out the base branch by default
-        ref: refs/pull/${{ github.event.pull_request.number }}/merge
-      if: ${{ env.CHANGED_FILES && env.CHANGED_FILES != '' }}
-    - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
-      with:
-        nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable
-    - name: Parse all changed or added nix files
-      run: |
-        ret=0
-        while IFS= read -r file; do
-          out="$(nix-instantiate --parse "$file")" || { echo "$out" && ret=1; }
-        done < "$HOME/changed_files"
-        exit "$ret"
-      if: ${{ env.CHANGED_FILES && env.CHANGED_FILES != '' }}

.github/workflows/periodic-merge-24h.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ on:
     # * is a special character in YAML so you have to quote this string
     # Merge every 24 hours
     - cron:  '0 0 * * *'
-  workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -35,16 +34,20 @@ jobs:
         pairs:
           - from: master
             into: haskell-updates
-          - from: release-23.11
-            into: staging-next-23.11
-          - from: staging-next-23.11
-            into: staging-23.11
+          - from: release-22.11
+            into: staging-next-22.11
+          - from: staging-next-22.11
+            into: staging-22.11
+          - from: release-23.05
+            into: staging-next-23.05
+          - from: staging-next-23.05
+            into: staging-23.05
     name: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }} → ${{ matrix.pairs.into }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }} → ${{ matrix.pairs.into }}
-        uses: devmasx/merge-branch@854d3ac71ed1e9deb668e0074781b81fdd6e771f # 1.4.0
+        uses: devmasx/merge-branch@1.4.0
         with:
           type: now
           from_branch: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }}
@@ -52,7 +55,7 @@ jobs:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Comment on failure
-        uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@71345be0265236311c031f5c7866368bd1eff043 # v4.0.0
+        uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v3
         if: ${{ failure() }}
         with:
           issue-number: 105153

.github/workflows/periodic-merge-6h.yml

@@ -13,7 +13,6 @@ on:
     # * is a special character in YAML so you have to quote this string
     # Merge every 6 hours
     - cron:  '0 */6 * * *'
-  workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
   contents: read
@@ -39,10 +38,10 @@ jobs:
             into: staging
     name: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }} → ${{ matrix.pairs.into }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
 
       - name: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }} → ${{ matrix.pairs.into }}
-        uses: devmasx/merge-branch@854d3ac71ed1e9deb668e0074781b81fdd6e771f # 1.4.0
+        uses: devmasx/merge-branch@1.4.0
         with:
           type: now
           from_branch: ${{ matrix.pairs.from }}
@@ -50,7 +49,7 @@ jobs:
           github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
 
       - name: Comment on failure
-        uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@71345be0265236311c031f5c7866368bd1eff043 # v4.0.0
+        uses: peter-evans/create-or-update-comment@v3
         if: ${{ failure() }}
         with:
           issue-number: 105153

.github/workflows/update-terraform-providers.yml

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 name: "Update terraform-providers"
 
 on:
-  #schedule:
-  #  - cron: "0 3 * * *"
+  schedule:
+    - cron: "0 3 * * *"
   workflow_dispatch:
 
 permissions:
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ jobs:
     if: github.repository_owner == 'NixOS' && github.ref == 'refs/heads/master' # ensure workflow_dispatch only runs on master
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@9bb56186c3b09b4f86b1c65136769dd318469633 # v4.1.2
-      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@8887e596b4ee1134dae06b98d573bd674693f47c # v26
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: cachix/install-nix-action@v21
         with:
           nix_path: nixpkgs=channel:nixpkgs-unstable
       - name: setup
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           git clean -f
       - name: create PR
-        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@70a41aba780001da0a30141984ae2a0c95d8704e # v6.0.2
+        uses: peter-evans/create-pull-request@v5
         with:
           body: |
             Automatic update by [update-terraform-providers](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/.github/workflows/update-terraform-providers.yml) action.
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ jobs:
 
             Check that all providers build with:
             ```
-            @ofborg build opentofu.full
+            @ofborg build terraform.full
             ```
             If there is more than ten commits in the PR `ofborg` won't build it automatically and you will need to use the above command.
           branch: terraform-providers-update

.gitignore

@@ -5,18 +5,16 @@
 .\#*
 \#*\#
 .idea/
-.nixos-test-history
 .vscode/
 outputs/
 result-*
 result
-repl-result-*
-tags
 !pkgs/development/python-modules/result
 /doc/NEWS.html
 /doc/NEWS.txt
 /doc/manual.html
 /doc/manual.pdf
+/result
 /source/
 .version-suffix
 

.mailmap

@@ -12,5 +12,3 @@ Sandro Jäckel <sandro.jaeckel@gmail.com> <sandro.jaeckel@sap.com>
 superherointj <5861043+superherointj@users.noreply.github.com>
 Vladimír Čunát <v@cunat.cz> <vcunat@gmail.com>
 Vladimír Čunát <v@cunat.cz> <vladimir.cunat@nic.cz>
-Yifei Sun <ysun@hey.com> StepBroBD <Hi@StepBroBD.com>
-Yifei Sun <ysun@hey.com> <ysun+git@stepbrobd.com>

.version

@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-lib/.version

.version

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+23.11

CONTRIBUTING.md

@@ -1,206 +1,74 @@
-# Contributing to Nixpkgs
+# How to contribute
 
-This document is for people wanting to contribute to the implementation of Nixpkgs.
-This involves interacting with implementation changes that are proposed using [GitHub](https://github.com/) [pull requests](https://docs.github.com/pull-requests) to the [Nixpkgs](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/) repository (which you're in right now).
+Note: contributing implies licensing those contributions
+under the terms of [COPYING](COPYING), which is an MIT-like license.
 
-As such, a GitHub account is recommended, which you can sign up for [here](https://github.com/signup).
-See [here](https://discourse.nixos.org/t/about-the-patches-category/477) for how to contribute without a GitHub account.
+## Opening issues
 
-Additionally this document assumes that you already know how to use GitHub and Git.
-If that's not the case, we recommend learning about it first [here](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/quickstart/hello-world).
+* Make sure you have a [GitHub account](https://github.com/signup/free)
+* Make sure there is no open issue on the topic
+* [Submit a new issue](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/new/choose) by choosing the kind of topic and fill out the template
 
-## Overview
-[overview]: #overview
+## Submitting changes
 
-This file contains general contributing information, but individual parts also have more specific information to them in their respective `README.md` files, linked here:
-- [`lib`](./lib/README.md): Sources and documentation of the [library functions](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#chap-functions)
-- [`maintainers`](./maintainers/README.md): Nixpkgs maintainer and team listings, maintainer scripts
-- [`pkgs`](./pkgs/README.md): Package and [builder](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/#part-builders) definitions
-- [`doc`](./doc/README.md): Sources and infrastructure for the [Nixpkgs manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/)
-- [`nixos`](./nixos/README.md): Implementation of [NixOS](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/)
+Read the ["Submitting changes"](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#chap-submitting-changes) section of the nixpkgs manual. It explains how to write, test, and iterate on your change, and which branch to base your pull request against.
 
-# How to's
+Below is a short excerpt of some points in there:
 
-## How to create pull requests
-[pr-create]: #how-to-create-pull-requests
+* Format the commit messages in the following way:
 
-This section describes in some detail how changes can be made and proposed with pull requests.
+  ```
+  (pkg-name | nixos/<module>): (from -> to | init at version | refactor | etc)
 
-> [!Note]
-> Be aware that contributing implies licensing those contributions under the terms of [COPYING](./COPYING), an MIT-like license.
-
-0. Set up a local version of Nixpkgs to work with using GitHub and Git
-   1. [Fork](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/quickstart/fork-a-repo#forking-a-repository) the [Nixpkgs repository](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/).
-   1. [Clone the forked repository](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/quickstart/fork-a-repo#cloning-your-forked-repository) into a local `nixpkgs` directory.
-   1. [Configure the upstream Nixpkgs repository](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/quickstart/fork-a-repo#configuring-git-to-sync-your-fork-with-the-upstream-repository).
-
-1. Figure out the branch that should be used for this change by going through [this section][branch].
-   If in doubt use `master`, that's where most changes should go.
-   This can be changed later by [rebasing][rebase].
-
-2. Create and switch to a new Git branch, ideally such that:
-   - The name of the branch hints at the change you'd like to implement, e.g. `update-hello`.
-   - The base of the branch includes the most recent changes on the base branch from step 1, we'll assume `master` here.
-
-   ```bash
-   # Make sure you have the latest changes from upstream Nixpkgs
-   git fetch upstream
-
-   # Create and switch to a new branch based off the master branch in Nixpkgs
-   git switch --create update-hello upstream/master
-   ```
-
-   To avoid having to download and build potentially many derivations, at the expense of using a potentially outdated version, you can base the branch off a specific [Git commit](https://www.git-scm.com/docs/gitglossary#def_commit) instead:
-   - The commit of the latest `nixpkgs-unstable` channel, available [here](https://channels.nixos.org/nixpkgs-unstable/git-revision).
-   - The commit of a local Nixpkgs downloaded using [nix-channel](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-channel), available using `nix-instantiate --eval --expr '(import <nixpkgs/lib>).trivial.revisionWithDefault null'`
-   - If you're using NixOS, the commit of your NixOS installation, available with `nixos-version --revision`.
-
-   Once you have an appropriate commit you can use it instead of `upstream/master` in the above command:
-   ```bash
-   git switch --create update-hello <the desired base commit>
-   ```
-
-3. Make the desired changes in the local Nixpkgs repository using an editor of your choice.
-   Make sure to:
-   - Adhere to both the [general code conventions][code-conventions], and the code conventions specific to the part you're making changes to.
-     See the [overview section][overview] for more specific information.
-   - Test the changes.
-     See the [overview section][overview] for more specific information.
-   - If necessary, document the change.
-     See the [overview section][overview] for more specific information.
-
-4. Commit your changes using `git commit`.
-   Make sure to adhere to the [commit conventions](#commit-conventions).
-
-   Repeat the steps 3-4 as many times as necessary.
-   Advance to the next step if all the commits (viewable with `git log`) make sense together.
-
-5. Push your commits to your fork of Nixpkgs.
-   ```
-   git push --set-upstream origin HEAD
-   ```
-
-   The above command will output a link that allows you to directly quickly do the next step:
-   ```
-   remote: Create a pull request for 'update-hello' on GitHub by visiting:
-   remote:      https://github.com/myUser/nixpkgs/pull/new/update-hello
-   ```
-
-6. [Create a pull request](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/proposing-changes-to-your-work-with-pull-requests/creating-a-pull-request#creating-the-pull-request) from the new branch in your Nixpkgs fork to the upstream Nixpkgs repository.
-   Use the branch from step 2 as the pull requests base branch.
-   Go through the [pull request template](#pull-request-template) in the pre-filled default description.
-
-7. Respond to review comments, potential CI failures and potential merge conflicts by updating the pull request.
-   Always keep the pull request in a mergeable state.
-
-   The custom [OfBorg](https://github.com/NixOS/ofborg) CI system will perform various checks to help ensure code quality, whose results you can see at the bottom of the pull request.
-   See [the OfBorg Readme](https://github.com/NixOS/ofborg#readme) for more details.
-
-   - To add new commits, repeat steps 3-4 and push the result using
-     ```
-     git push
-     ```
-
-   - To change existing commits you will have to [rewrite Git history](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History).
-     Useful Git commands that can help a lot with this are `git commit --patch --amend` and `git rebase --interactive`.
-     With a rewritten history you need to force-push the commits using
-     ```
-     git push --force-with-lease
-     ```
-
-   - In case of merge conflicts you will also have to [rebase the branch](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Rebasing) on top of current `master`.
-     Sometimes this can be done [on GitHub directly](https://docs.github.com/en/pull-requests/collaborating-with-pull-requests/proposing-changes-to-your-work-with-pull-requests/keeping-your-pull-request-in-sync-with-the-base-branch#updating-your-pull-request-branch), but if not you will have to rebase locally using
-     ```
-     git fetch upstream
-     git rebase upstream/master
-     git push --force-with-lease
-     ```
-
-   - If you need to change the base branch of the pull request, you can do so by [rebasing][rebase].
-
-8. If your pull request is merged and [acceptable for releases][release-acceptable] you may [backport][pr-backport] the pull request.
-
-### Pull request template
-[pr-template]: #pull-request-template
-
-The pull request template helps determine what steps have been made for a contribution so far, and will help guide maintainers on the status of a change. The motivation section of the PR should include any extra details the title does not address and link any existing issues related to the pull request.
-
-When a PR is created, it will be pre-populated with some checkboxes detailed below:
-
-#### Tested using sandboxing
-
-When sandbox builds are enabled, Nix will set up an isolated environment for each build process.
-It is used to remove further hidden dependencies set by the build environment to improve reproducibility.
-This includes access to the network during the build outside of `fetch*` functions and files outside the Nix store.
-Depending on the operating system, access to other resources is blocked as well (e.g., inter-process communication is isolated on Linux); see [sandbox](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file#conf-sandbox) in the Nix manual for details.
-
-In pull requests for [nixpkgs](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/) people are asked to test builds with sandboxing enabled (see `Tested using sandboxing` in the pull request template) because in [Hydra](https://nixos.org/hydra/) sandboxing is also used.
-
-If you are on Linux, sandboxing is enabled by default.
-On other platforms, sandboxing is disabled by default due to a small performance hit on each build.
-
-Please enable sandboxing **before** building the package by adding the following to: `/etc/nix/nix.conf`:
-
-  ```ini
-  sandbox = true
+  (Motivation for change. Link to release notes. Additional information.)
   ```
 
-#### Built on platform(s)
+  For consistency, there should not be a period at the end of the commit message's summary line (the first line of the commit message).
 
-Many Nix packages are designed to run on multiple platforms. As such, it’s important to let the maintainer know which platforms your changes have been tested on. It’s not always practical to test a change on all platforms, and is not required for a pull request to be merged. Only check the systems you tested the build on in this section.
+  Examples:
 
-#### Tested via one or more NixOS test(s) if existing and applicable for the change (look inside nixos/tests)
+  * nginx: init at 2.0.1
+  * firefox: 54.0.1 -> 55.0
+    https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/55.0/releasenotes/
+  * nixos/hydra: add bazBaz option
 
-Packages with automated tests are much more likely to be merged in a timely fashion because it doesn’t require as much manual testing by the maintainer to verify the functionality of the package. If there are existing tests for the package, they should be run to verify your changes do not break the tests. Tests can only be run on Linux. For more details on writing and running tests, see the [section in the NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/index.html#sec-nixos-tests).
+    Dual baz behavior is needed to do foo.
+  * nixos/nginx: refactor config generation
 
-#### Tested compilation of all pkgs that depend on this change using `nixpkgs-review`
+    The old config generation system used impure shell scripts and could break in specific circumstances (see #1234).
 
-If you are modifying a package, you can use `nixpkgs-review` to make sure all packages that depend on the updated package still compile correctly. The `nixpkgs-review` utility can look for and build all dependencies either based on uncommitted changes with the `wip` option or specifying a GitHub pull request number.
+* `meta.description` should:
+  * Be short, just one sentence.
+  * Be capitalized.
+  * Not start with the package name.
+    * More generally, it should not refer to the package name.
+  * Not end with a period (or any punctuation for that matter).
+  * Aim to inform while avoiding subjective language.
+* `meta.license` must be set and fit the upstream license.
+  * If there is no upstream license, `meta.license` should default to `lib.licenses.unfree`.
+  * If in doubt, try to contact the upstream developers for clarification.
+* `meta.maintainers` must be set.
 
-Review changes from pull request number 12345:
+See the nixpkgs manual for more details on [standard meta-attributes](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#sec-standard-meta-attributes).
 
-```ShellSession
-nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review pr 12345"
-```
+## Writing good commit messages
 
-Alternatively, with flakes (and analogously for the other commands below):
+In addition to writing properly formatted commit messages, it's important to include relevant information so other developers can later understand *why* a change was made. While this information usually can be found by digging code, mailing list/Discourse archives, pull request discussions or upstream changes, it may require a lot of work.
 
-```ShellSession
-nix run nixpkgs#nixpkgs-review -- pr 12345
-```
+Package version upgrades usually allow for simpler commit messages, including attribute name, old and new version, as well as a reference to the relevant release notes/changelog. Every once in a while a package upgrade requires more extensive changes, and that subsequently warrants a more verbose message.
 
-Review uncommitted changes:
+Pull requests should not be squash merged in order to keep complete commit messages and GPG signatures intact and must not be when the change doesn't make sense as a single commit.
+This means that, when addressing review comments in order to keep the pull request in an always mergeable status, you will sometimes need to rewrite your branch's history and then force-push it with `git push --force-with-lease`.
+Useful git commands that can help a lot with this are `git commit --patch --amend` and `git rebase --interactive`. For more details consult the git man pages or online resources like [git-rebase.io](https://git-rebase.io/) or [The Pro Git Book](https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History).
 
-```ShellSession
-nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review wip"
-```
-
-Review changes from last commit:
-
-```ShellSession
-nix-shell -p nixpkgs-review --run "nixpkgs-review rev HEAD"
-```
-
-#### Tested execution of all binary files (usually in `./result/bin/`)
-
-It’s important to test any executables generated by a build when you change or create a package in nixpkgs. This can be done by looking in `./result/bin` and running any files in there, or at a minimum, the main executable for the package. For example, if you make a change to texlive, you probably would only check the binaries associated with the change you made rather than testing all of them.
-
-#### Meets Nixpkgs contribution standards
-
-The last checkbox is about whether it fits the guidelines in this `CONTRIBUTING.md` file. This document has detailed information on standards the Nix community has for commit messages, reviews, licensing of contributions you make to the project, etc... Everyone should read and understand the standards the community has for contributing before submitting a pull request.
-
-### Rebasing between branches (i.e. from master to staging)
-[rebase]: #rebasing-between-branches-ie-from-master-to-staging
+## Rebasing between branches (i.e. from master to staging)
 
 From time to time, changes between branches must be rebased, for example, if the
 number of new rebuilds they would cause is too large for the target branch. When
 rebasing, care must be taken to include only the intended changes, otherwise
-many CODEOWNERS will be inadvertently requested for review. To achieve this,
+many CODEOWNERS will be inadvertently requested for review.  To achieve this,
 rebasing should not be performed directly on the target branch, but on the merge
-base between the current and target branch. As an additional precautionary measure,
-you should temporarily mark the PR as draft for the duration of the operation.
-This reduces the probability of mass-pinging people. (OfBorg might still
-request a couple of persons for reviews though.)
+base between the current and target branch.
 
 In the following example, we assume that the current branch, called `feature`,
 is based on `master`, and we rebase it onto the merge base between
@@ -234,509 +102,45 @@ git status
 git push origin feature --force-with-lease
 ```
 
-#### Something went wrong and a lot of people were pinged
+## Backporting changes
 
-It happens. Remember to be kind, especially to new contributors.
-There is no way back, so the pull request should be closed and locked
-(if possible). The changes should be re-submitted in a new PR, in which the people
-originally involved in the conversation need to manually be pinged again.
-No further discussion should happen on the original PR, as a lot of people
-are now subscribed to it.
+Follow these steps to backport a change into a release branch in compliance with the [commit policy](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#submitting-changes-stable-release-branches).
 
-The following message (or a version thereof) might be left when closing to
-describe the situation, since closing and locking without any explanation
-is kind of rude:
+You can add a label such as `backport release-23.05` to a PR, so that merging it will
+automatically create a backport (via [a GitHub Action](.github/workflows/backport.yml)).
+This also works for pull requests that have already been merged, and might take a couple of minutes to trigger.
 
-```markdown
-It looks like you accidentally mass-pinged a bunch of people, which are now subscribed
-and getting notifications for everything in this pull request. Unfortunately, they
-cannot be automatically unsubscribed from the issue (removing review request does not
-unsubscribe), therefore development cannot continue in this pull request anymore.
+You can also create the backport manually:
 
-Please open a new pull request with your changes, link back to this one and ping the
-people actually involved in here over there.
+1. Take note of the commits in which the change was introduced into `master` branch.
+2. Check out the target _release branch_, e.g. `release-23.05`. Do not use a _channel branch_ like `nixos-23.05` or `nixpkgs-23.05-darwin`.
+3. Create a branch for your change, e.g. `git checkout -b backport`.
+4. When the reason to backport is not obvious from the original commit message, use `git cherry-pick -xe <original commit>` and add a reason. Otherwise use `git cherry-pick -x <original commit>`. That's fine for minor version updates that only include security and bug fixes, commits that fixes an otherwise broken package or similar. Please also ensure the commits exists on the master branch; in the case of squashed or rebased merges, the commit hash will change and the new commits can be found in the merge message at the bottom of the master pull request.
+5. Push to GitHub and open a backport pull request. Make sure to select the release branch (e.g. `release-23.05`) as the target branch of the pull request, and link to the pull request in which the original change was committed to `master`. The pull request title should be the commit title with the release version as prefix, e.g. `[23.05]`.
+6. When the backport pull request is merged and you have the necessary privileges you can also replace the label `9.needs: port to stable` with `8.has: port to stable` on the original pull request. This way maintainers can keep track of missing backports easier.
 
-In order to avoid this in the future, there are instructions for how to properly
-rebase between branches in our [contribution guidelines](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#rebasing-between-branches-ie-from-master-to-staging).
-Setting your pull request to draft prior to rebasing is strongly recommended.
-In draft status, you can preview the list of people that are about to be requested
-for review, which allows you to sidestep this issue.
-This is not a bulletproof method though, as OfBorg still does review requests even on draft PRs.
-```
+## Criteria for Backporting changes
 
-## How to backport pull requests
-[pr-backport]: #how-to-backport-pull-requests
-
-Once a pull request has been merged into `master`, a backport pull request to the corresponding `release-YY.MM` branch can be created either automatically or manually.
-
-### Automatically backporting changes
-
-> [!Note]
-> You have to be a [Nixpkgs maintainer](./maintainers) to automatically create a backport pull request.
-
-Add the [`backport release-YY.MM` label](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/labels?q=backport) to the pull request on the `master` branch.
-This will cause [a GitHub Action](.github/workflows/backport.yml) to open a pull request to the `release-YY.MM` branch a few minutes later.
-This can be done on both open or already merged pull requests.
-
-### Manually backporting changes
-
-To manually create a backport pull request, follow [the standard pull request process][pr-create], with these notable differences:
-
-- Use `release-YY.MM` for the base branch, both for the local branch and the pull request.
-
-> [!Warning]
-> Do not use the `nixos-YY.MM` branch, that is a branch pointing to the tested release channel commit
-
-- Instead of manually making and committing the changes, use [`git cherry-pick -x`](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-cherry-pick) for each commit from the pull request you'd like to backport.
-  Either `git cherry-pick -x <commit>` when the reason for the backport is obvious (such as minor versions, fixes, etc.), otherwise use `git cherry-pick -xe <commit>` to add a reason for the backport to the commit message.
-  Here is [an example](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/commit/5688c39af5a6c5f3d646343443683da880eaefb8) of this.
-
-> [!Warning]
-> Ensure the commits exists on the master branch.
-> In the case of squashed or rebased merges, the commit hash will change and the new commits can be found in the merge message at the bottom of the master pull request.
-
-- In the pull request description, link to the original pull request to `master`.
-  The pull request title should include `[YY.MM]` matching the release you're backporting to.
-
-- When the backport pull request is merged and you have the necessary privileges you can also replace the label `9.needs: port to stable` with `8.has: port to stable` on the original pull request.
-  This way maintainers can keep track of missing backports easier.
-
-## How to review pull requests
-[pr-review]: #how-to-review-pull-requests
-
-> [!Warning]
-> The following section is a draft, and the policy for reviewing is still being discussed in issues such as [#11166](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/11166) and [#20836](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/20836).
-
-The Nixpkgs project receives a fairly high number of contributions via GitHub pull requests. Reviewing and approving these is an important task and a way to contribute to the project.
-
-The high change rate of Nixpkgs makes any pull request that remains open for too long subject to conflicts that will require extra work from the submitter or the merger. Reviewing pull requests in a timely manner and being responsive to the comments is the key to avoid this issue. GitHub provides sort filters that can be used to see the [most recently](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-desc) and the [least recently](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+sort%3Aupdated-asc) updated pull requests. We highly encourage looking at [this list of ready to merge, unreviewed pull requests](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=is%3Apr+is%3Aopen+review%3Anone+status%3Asuccess+-label%3A%222.status%3A+work-in-progress%22+no%3Aproject+no%3Aassignee+no%3Amilestone).
-
-When reviewing a pull request, please always be nice and polite. Controversial changes can lead to controversial opinions, but it is important to respect every community member and their work.
-
-GitHub provides reactions as a simple and quick way to provide feedback to pull requests or any comments. The thumb-down reaction should be used with care and if possible accompanied with some explanation so the submitter has directions to improve their contribution.
-
-Pull request reviews should include a list of what has been reviewed in a comment, so other reviewers and mergers can know the state of the review.
-
-All the review template samples provided in this section are generic and meant as examples. Their usage is optional and the reviewer is free to adapt them to their liking.
-
-To get more information about how to review specific parts of Nixpkgs, refer to the documents linked to in the [overview section][overview].
-
-If a pull request contains documentation changes that might require feedback from the documentation team, ping [@NixOS/documentation-reviewers](https://github.com/orgs/nixos/teams/documentation-reviewers) on the pull request.
-
-If you consider having enough knowledge and experience in a topic and would like to be a long-term reviewer for related submissions, please contact the current reviewers for that topic. They will give you information about the reviewing process. The main reviewers for a topic can be hard to find as there is no list, but checking past pull requests to see who reviewed or git-blaming the code to see who committed to that topic can give some hints.
-
-Container system, boot system and library changes are some examples of the pull requests fitting this category.
-
-## How to merge pull requests
-[pr-merge]: #how-to-merge-pull-requests
-
-The *Nixpkgs committers* are people who have been given
-permission to merge.
-
-It is possible for community members that have enough knowledge and experience on a special topic to contribute by merging pull requests.
-
-In case the PR is stuck waiting for the original author to apply a trivial
-change (a typo, capitalisation change, etc.) and the author allowed the members
-to modify the PR, consider applying it yourself (or commit the existing review
-suggestion). You should pay extra attention to make sure the addition doesn't go
-against the idea of the original PR and would not be opposed by the author.
+Anything that does not cause user or downstream dependency regressions can be backported. This includes:
+- New Packages / Modules
+- Security / Patch updates
+- Version updates which include new functionality (but no breaking changes)
+- Services which require a client to be up-to-date regardless. (E.g. `spotify`, `steam`, or `discord`)
+- Security critical applications (E.g. `firefox`)
 
+## Generating 23.11 Release Notes
 <!--
-The following paragraphs about how to deal with unactive contributors is just a proposition and should be modified to what the community agrees to be the right policy.
-
-Please note that contributors with commit rights unactive for more than three months will have their commit rights revoked.
+note: title unchanged even though we don't need regeneration because extant
+PRs will link here. definitely change the title for 23.11 though.
 -->
 
-Please see the discussion in [GitHub nixpkgs issue #50105](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/50105) for information on how to proceed to be granted this level of access.
+Documentation in nixpkgs is transitioning to a markdown-centric workflow. In the past release notes required a translation step to convert from markdown to a compatible docbook document, but this is no longer necessary.
 
-In a case a contributor definitively leaves the Nix community, they should create an issue or post on [Discourse](https://discourse.nixos.org) with references of packages and modules they maintain so the maintainership can be taken over by other contributors.
+Steps for updating 23.11 Release notes:
 
-# Flow of merged pull requests
+1. Edit `nixos/doc/manual/release-notes/rl-2311.section.md` with the desired changes
+2. Commit changes to `rl-2311.section.md`.
 
-After a pull request is merged, it eventually makes it to the [official Hydra CI](https://hydra.nixos.org/).
-Hydra regularly evaluates and builds Nixpkgs, updating [the official channels](https://channels.nixos.org/) when specific Hydra jobs succeeded.
-See [Nix Channel Status](https://status.nixos.org/) for the current channels and their state.
-Here's a brief overview of the main Git branches and what channels they're used for:
+## Reviewing contributions
 
-- `master`: The main branch, used for the unstable channels such as `nixpkgs-unstable`, `nixos-unstable` and `nixos-unstable-small`.
-- `release-YY.MM` (e.g. `release-23.11`): The NixOS release branches, used for the stable channels such as `nixos-23.11`, `nixos-23.11-small` and `nixpkgs-23.11-darwin`.
-
-When a channel is updated, a corresponding Git branch is also updated to point to the corresponding commit.
-So e.g. the [`nixpkgs-unstable` branch](https://github.com/nixos/nixpkgs/tree/nixpkgs-unstable) corresponds to the Git commit from the [`nixpkgs-unstable` channel](https://channels.nixos.org/nixpkgs-unstable).
-
-Nixpkgs in its entirety is tied to the NixOS release process, which is documented in the [NixOS Release Wiki](https://nixos.github.io/release-wiki/).
-
-See [this section][branch] to know when to use the release branches.
-
-## Staging
-[staging]: #staging
-
-The staging workflow exists to batch Hydra builds of many packages together.
-
-It works by directing commits that cause [mass rebuilds][mass-rebuild] to a separate `staging` branch that isn't directly built by Hydra.
-Regularly, the `staging` branch is _manually_ merged into a `staging-next` branch to be built by Hydra using the [`nixpkgs:staging-next` jobset](https://hydra.nixos.org/jobset/nixpkgs/staging-next).
-The `staging-next` branch should then only receive direct commits in order to fix Hydra builds.
-Once it is verified that there are no major regressions, it is merged into `master` using [a pull request](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulls?q=head%3Astaging-next).
-This is done manually in order to ensure it's a good use of Hydra's computing resources.
-By keeping the `staging-next` branch separate from `staging`, this batching does not block developers from merging changes into `staging`.
-
-In order for the `staging` and `staging-next` branches to be up-to-date with the latest commits on `master`, there are regular _automated_ merges from `master` into `staging-next` and `staging`.
-This is implemented using GitHub workflows [here](.github/workflows/periodic-merge-6h.yml) and [here](.github/workflows/periodic-merge-24h.yml).
-
-> [!Note]
-> Changes must be sufficiently tested before being merged into any branch.
-> Hydra builds should not be used as testing platform.
-
-Here is a Git history diagram showing the flow of commits between the three branches:
-```mermaid
-%%{init: {
-    'theme': 'base',
-    'themeVariables': {
-        'gitInv0': '#ff0000',
-        'gitInv1': '#ff0000',
-        'git2': '#ff4444',
-        'commitLabelFontSize': '15px'
-    },
-    'gitGraph': {
-        'showCommitLabel':true,
-        'mainBranchName': 'master',
-        'rotateCommitLabel': true
-    }
-} }%%
-gitGraph
-    commit id:" "
-    branch staging-next
-    branch staging
-
-    checkout master
-    checkout staging
-    checkout master
-    commit id:"    "
-    checkout staging-next
-    merge master id:"automatic"
-    checkout staging
-    merge staging-next id:"automatic "
-
-    checkout staging-next
-    merge staging type:HIGHLIGHT id:"manual"
-    commit id:"fixup"
-
-    checkout master
-    checkout staging
-    checkout master
-    commit id:"       "
-    checkout staging-next
-    merge master id:"automatic  "
-    checkout staging
-    merge staging-next id:"automatic   "
-
-    checkout staging-next
-    commit id:"fixup "
-    checkout master
-    merge staging-next type:HIGHLIGHT id:"manual (PR)"
-```
-
-
-Here's an overview of the different branches:
-
-| branch | `master` | `staging-next` | `staging` |
-| --- | --- | --- | --- |
-| Used for development | ✔️ | ❌ | ✔️ |
-| Built by Hydra | ✔️ | ✔️ | ❌ |
-| [Mass rebuilds][mass-rebuild] | ❌ | ⚠️  Only to fix Hydra builds | ✔️ |
-| Critical security fixes | ✔️ for non-mass-rebuilds | ✔️ for mass-rebuilds | ❌ |
-| Automatically merged into | `staging-next` | `staging` | - |
-| Manually merged into | - | `master` | `staging-next` |
-
-The staging workflow is used for all main branches, `master` and `release-YY.MM`, with corresponding names:
-- `master`/`release-YY.MM`
-- `staging`/`staging-YY.MM`
-- `staging-next`/`staging-next-YY.MM`
-
-# Conventions
-
-## Branch conventions
-<!-- This section is relevant to both contributors and reviewers -->
-[branch]: #branch-conventions
-
-Most changes should go to the `master` branch, but sometimes other branches should be used instead.
-Use the following decision process to figure out which one it should be:
-
-Is the change [acceptable for releases][release-acceptable] and do you wish to have the change in the release?
-- No: Use the `master` branch, do not backport the pull request.
-- Yes: Can the change be implemented the same way on the `master` and release branches?
-  For example, a packages major version might differ between the `master` and release branches, such that separate security patches are required.
-  - Yes: Use the `master` branch and [backport the pull request](#how-to-backport-pull-requests).
-  - No: Create separate pull requests to the `master` and `release-XX.YY` branches.
-
-Furthermore, if the change causes a [mass rebuild][mass-rebuild], use the appropriate staging branch instead:
-- Mass rebuilds to `master` should go to `staging` instead.
-- Mass rebuilds to `release-XX.YY` should go to `staging-XX.YY` instead.
-
-See [this section][staging] for more details about such changes propagate between the branches.
-
-### Changes acceptable for releases
-[release-acceptable]: #changes-acceptable-for-releases
-
-Only changes to supported releases may be accepted.
-The oldest supported release (`YYMM`) can be found using
-```
-nix-instantiate --eval -A lib.trivial.oldestSupportedRelease
-```
-
-The release branches should generally only receive backwards-compatible changes, both for the Nix expressions and derivations.
-Here are some examples of backwards-compatible changes that are okay to backport:
-- ✔️ New packages, modules and functions
-- ✔️ Security fixes
-- ✔️ Package version updates
-  - ✔️ Patch versions with fixes
-  - ✔️ Minor versions with new functionality, but no breaking changes
-
-In addition, major package version updates with breaking changes are also acceptable for:
-- ✔️ Services that would fail without up-to-date client software, such as `spotify`, `steam`, and `discord`
-- ✔️ Security critical applications, such as `firefox` and `chromium`
-
-### Changes causing mass rebuilds
-[mass-rebuild]: #changes-causing-mass-rebuilds
-
-Which changes cause mass rebuilds is not formally defined.
-In order to help the decision, CI automatically assigns [`rebuild` labels](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/labels?q=rebuild) to pull requests based on the number of packages they cause rebuilds for.
-As a rule of thumb, if the number of rebuilds is **over 500**, it can be considered a mass rebuild.
-To get a sense for what changes are considered mass rebuilds, see [previously merged pull requests to the staging branches](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues?q=base%3Astaging+-base%3Astaging-next+is%3Amerged).
-
-## Commit conventions
-[commit-conventions]: #commit-conventions
-
-- Create a commit for each logical unit.
-
-- Check for unnecessary whitespace with `git diff --check` before committing.
-
-- If you have commits `pkg-name: oh, forgot to insert whitespace`: squash commits in this case. Use `git rebase -i`.
-
-- For consistency, there should not be a period at the end of the commit message's summary line (the first line of the commit message).
-
-- When adding yourself as maintainer in the same pull request, make a separate
-  commit with the message `maintainers: add <handle>`.
-  Add the commit before those making changes to the package or module.
-  See [Nixpkgs Maintainers](./maintainers/README.md) for details.
-
-- Make sure you read about any commit conventions specific to the area you're touching. See:
-  - [Commit conventions](./pkgs/README.md#commit-conventions) for changes to `pkgs`.
-  - [Commit conventions](./lib/README.md#commit-conventions) for changes to `lib`.
-  - [Commit conventions](./nixos/README.md#commit-conventions) for changes to `nixos`.
-  - [Commit conventions](./doc/README.md#commit-conventions) for changes to `doc`, the Nixpkgs manual.
-
-### Writing good commit messages
-
-In addition to writing properly formatted commit messages, it's important to include relevant information so other developers can later understand *why* a change was made. While this information usually can be found by digging code, mailing list/Discourse archives, pull request discussions or upstream changes, it may require a lot of work.
-
-Package version upgrades usually allow for simpler commit messages, including attribute name, old and new version, as well as a reference to the relevant release notes/changelog. Every once in a while a package upgrade requires more extensive changes, and that subsequently warrants a more verbose message.
-
-Pull requests should not be squash merged in order to keep complete commit messages and GPG signatures intact and must not be when the change doesn't make sense as a single commit.
-
-## Code conventions
-[code-conventions]: #code-conventions
-
-### Release notes
-
-If you removed packages or made some major NixOS changes, write about it in the release notes for the next stable release in [`nixos/doc/manual/release-notes`](./nixos/doc/manual/release-notes).
-
-### File naming and organisation
-
-Names of files and directories should be in lowercase, with dashes between words — not in camel case. For instance, it should be `all-packages.nix`, not `allPackages.nix` or `AllPackages.nix`.
-
-### Syntax
-
-- Use 2 spaces of indentation per indentation level in Nix expressions, 4 spaces in shell scripts.
-
-- Do not use tab characters, i.e. configure your editor to use soft tabs. For instance, use `(setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil)` in Emacs. Everybody has different tab settings so it’s asking for trouble.
-
-- Use `lowerCamelCase` for variable names, not `UpperCamelCase`. Note, this rule does not apply to package attribute names, which instead follow the rules in [package naming](./pkgs/README.md#package-naming).
-
-- Function calls with attribute set arguments are written as
-
-  ```nix
-  foo {
-    arg = ...;
-  }
-  ```
-
-  not
-
-  ```nix
-  foo
-  {
-    arg = ...;
-  }
-  ```
-
-  Also fine is
-
-  ```nix
-  foo { arg = ...; }
-  ```
-
-  if it's a short call.
-
-- In attribute sets or lists that span multiple lines, the attribute names or list elements should be aligned:
-
-  ```nix
-  # A long list.
-  list = [
-    elem1
-    elem2
-    elem3
-  ];
-
-  # A long attribute set.
-  attrs = {
-    attr1 = short_expr;
-    attr2 =
-      if true then big_expr else big_expr;
-  };
-
-  # Combined
-  listOfAttrs = [
-    {
-      attr1 = 3;
-      attr2 = "fff";
-    }
-    {
-      attr1 = 5;
-      attr2 = "ggg";
-    }
-  ];
-  ```
-
-- Short lists or attribute sets can be written on one line:
-
-  ```nix
-  # A short list.
-  list = [ elem1 elem2 elem3 ];
-
-  # A short set.
-  attrs = { x = 1280; y = 1024; };
-  ```
-
-- Breaking in the middle of a function argument can give hard-to-read code, like
-
-  ```nix
-  someFunction { x = 1280;
-    y = 1024; } otherArg
-    yetAnotherArg
-  ```
-
-  (especially if the argument is very large, spanning multiple lines).
-
-  Better:
-
-  ```nix
-  someFunction
-    { x = 1280; y = 1024; }
-    otherArg
-    yetAnotherArg
-  ```
-
-  or
-
-  ```nix
-  let res = { x = 1280; y = 1024; };
-  in someFunction res otherArg yetAnotherArg
-  ```
-
-- The bodies of functions, asserts, and withs are not indented to prevent a lot of superfluous indentation levels, i.e.
-
-  ```nix
-  { arg1, arg2 }:
-  assert system == "i686-linux";
-  stdenv.mkDerivation { ...
-  ```
-
-  not
-
-  ```nix
-  { arg1, arg2 }:
-    assert system == "i686-linux";
-      stdenv.mkDerivation { ...
-  ```
-
-- Function formal arguments are written as:
-
-  ```nix
-  { arg1, arg2, arg3 }:
-  ```
-
-  but if they don't fit on one line they're written as:
-
-  ```nix
-  { arg1, arg2, arg3
-  , arg4, ...
-  , # Some comment...
-    argN
-  }:
-  ```
-
-- Functions should list their expected arguments as precisely as possible. That is, write
-
-  ```nix
-  { stdenv, fetchurl, perl }: ...
-  ```
-
-  instead of
-
-  ```nix
-  args: with args; ...
-  ```
-
-  or
-
-  ```nix
-  { stdenv, fetchurl, perl, ... }: ...
-  ```
-
-  For functions that are truly generic in the number of arguments (such as wrappers around `mkDerivation`) that have some required arguments, you should write them using an `@`-pattern:
-
-  ```nix
-  { stdenv, doCoverageAnalysis ? false, ... } @ args:
-
-  stdenv.mkDerivation (args // {
-    ... if doCoverageAnalysis then "bla" else "" ...
-  })
-  ```
-
-  instead of
-
-  ```nix
-  args:
-
-  args.stdenv.mkDerivation (args // {
-    ... if args ? doCoverageAnalysis && args.doCoverageAnalysis then "bla" else "" ...
-  })
-  ```
-
-- Unnecessary string conversions should be avoided. Do
-
-  ```nix
-  rev = version;
-  ```
-
-  instead of
-
-  ```nix
-  rev = "${version}";
-  ```
-
-- Building lists conditionally _should_ be done with `lib.optional(s)` instead of using `if cond then [ ... ] else null` or `if cond then [ ... ] else [ ]`.
-
-  ```nix
-  buildInputs = lib.optional stdenv.isDarwin iconv;
-  ```
-
-  instead of
-
-  ```nix
-  buildInputs = if stdenv.isDarwin then [ iconv ] else null;
-  ```
-
-  As an exception, an explicit conditional expression with null can be used when fixing a important bug without triggering a mass rebuild.
-  If this is done a follow up pull request _should_ be created to change the code to `lib.optional(s)`.
+See the nixpkgs manual for more details on how to [Review contributions](https://nixos.org/nixpkgs/manual/#chap-reviewing-contributions).

COPYING

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-Copyright (c) 2003-2024 Eelco Dolstra and the Nixpkgs/NixOS contributors
+Copyright (c) 2003-2023 Eelco Dolstra and the Nixpkgs/NixOS contributors
 
 Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the

README.md

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 <p align="center">
-  <a href="https://nixos.org">
-    <picture>
-      <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: light)" srcset="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NixOS/nixos-homepage/master/logo/nixos-hires.png">
-      <source media="(prefers-color-scheme: dark)" srcset="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NixOS/nixos-artwork/master/logo/nixos-white.png">
-      <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NixOS/nixos-homepage/master/logo/nixos-hires.png" width="500px" alt="NixOS logo">
-    </picture>
+  <a href="https://nixos.org#gh-light-mode-only">
+    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NixOS/nixos-homepage/master/logo/nixos-hires.png" width="500px" alt="NixOS logo"/>
+  </a>
+  <a href="https://nixos.org#gh-dark-mode-only">
+    <img src="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/NixOS/nixos-artwork/master/logo/nixos-white.png" width="500px" alt="NixOS logo"/>
   </a>
 </p>
 
@@ -52,9 +51,9 @@ Nixpkgs and NixOS are built and tested by our continuous integration
 system, [Hydra](https://hydra.nixos.org/).
 
 * [Continuous package builds for unstable/master](https://hydra.nixos.org/jobset/nixos/trunk-combined)
-* [Continuous package builds for the NixOS 23.11 release](https://hydra.nixos.org/jobset/nixos/release-23.11)
+* [Continuous package builds for the NixOS 23.05 release](https://hydra.nixos.org/jobset/nixos/release-23.05)
 * [Tests for unstable/master](https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixos/trunk-combined/tested#tabs-constituents)
-* [Tests for the NixOS 23.11 release](https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixos/release-23.11/tested#tabs-constituents)
+* [Tests for the NixOS 23.05 release](https://hydra.nixos.org/job/nixos/release-23.05/tested#tabs-constituents)
 
 Artifacts successfully built with Hydra are published to cache at
 https://cache.nixos.org/. When successful build and test criteria are
@@ -71,7 +70,26 @@ Linux distribution. The [GitHub Insights](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pulse
 page gives a sense of the project activity.
 
 Community contributions are always welcome through GitHub Issues and
-Pull Requests.
+Pull Requests. When pull requests are made, our tooling automation bot,
+[OfBorg](https://github.com/NixOS/ofborg) will perform various checks
+to help ensure expression quality.
+
+The *Nixpkgs maintainers* are people who have assigned themselves to
+maintain specific individual packages. We encourage people who care
+about a package to assign themselves as a maintainer. When a pull
+request is made against a package, OfBorg will notify the appropriate
+maintainer(s). The *Nixpkgs committers* are people who have been given
+permission to merge.
+
+Most contributions are based on and merged into these branches:
+
+* `master` is the main branch where all small contributions go
+* `staging` is branched from master, changes that have a big impact on
+  Hydra builds go to this branch
+* `staging-next` is branched from staging and only fixes to stabilize
+  and security fixes with a big impact on Hydra builds should be
+  contributed to this branch. This branch is merged into master when
+  deemed of sufficiently high quality
 
 For more information about contributing to the project, please visit
 the [contributing page](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).

doc/.gitignore

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+*.chapter.xml
+*.section.xml
+.version
+functions/library/generated
+functions/library/locations.xml
+highlightjs
+manual-full.xml
+out
+result
+result-*
+media

doc/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+MD_TARGETS=$(addsuffix .xml, $(basename $(shell find . -type f -regex '.*\.md$$' -not -name README.md)))
+
+PANDOC ?= pandoc
+
+pandoc_media_dir = media
+# NOTE: Keep in sync with conversion script (/maintainers/scripts/db-to-md.sh).
+# TODO: Remove raw-attribute when we can get rid of DocBook altogether.
+pandoc_commonmark_enabled_extensions = +attributes+fenced_divs+footnotes+bracketed_spans+definition_lists+pipe_tables+raw_attribute
+# Not needed:
+# - docbook-reader/citerefentry-to-rst-role.lua (only relevant for DocBook → MarkDown/rST/MyST)
+pandoc_flags = --extract-media=$(pandoc_media_dir) \
+	--lua-filter=$(PANDOC_LUA_FILTERS_DIR)/diagram-generator.lua \
+	--lua-filter=build-aux/pandoc-filters/myst-reader/roles.lua \
+	--lua-filter=$(PANDOC_LINK_MANPAGES_FILTER) \
+	--lua-filter=build-aux/pandoc-filters/docbook-writer/rst-roles.lua \
+	--lua-filter=build-aux/pandoc-filters/docbook-writer/labelless-link-is-xref.lua \
+	-f commonmark$(pandoc_commonmark_enabled_extensions)+smart
+
+.PHONY: all
+all: validate format out/html/index.html out/epub/manual.epub
+
+.PHONY: render-md
+render-md: ${MD_TARGETS}
+
+.PHONY: debug
+debug:
+	nix-shell --run "xmloscopy --docbook5 ./manual.xml ./manual-full.xml"
+
+.PHONY: format
+format: doc-support/result
+	find . -iname '*.xml' -type f | while read f; do \
+		echo $$f ;\
+		xmlformat --config-file "doc-support/result/xmlformat.conf" -i $$f ;\
+	done
+
+.PHONY: fix-misc-xml
+fix-misc-xml:
+	find . -iname '*.xml' -type f \
+		-exec ../nixos/doc/varlistentry-fixer.rb {} ';'
+
+.PHONY: clean
+clean:
+	rm -f ${MD_TARGETS} doc-support/result .version manual-full.xml functions/library/locations.xml functions/library/generated
+	rm -rf ./out/ ./highlightjs ./media
+
+.PHONY: validate
+validate: manual-full.xml doc-support/result
+	jing doc-support/result/docbook.rng manual-full.xml
+
+out/html/index.html: doc-support/result manual-full.xml style.css highlightjs
+	mkdir -p out/html
+	xsltproc \
+		--nonet --xinclude \
+		--output $@ \
+		doc-support/result/xhtml.xsl \
+		./manual-full.xml
+
+	mkdir -p out/html/highlightjs/
+	cp -r highlightjs out/html/
+
+	cp -r $(pandoc_media_dir) out/html/
+	cp ./overrides.css out/html/
+	cp ./style.css out/html/style.css
+
+	mkdir -p out/html/images/callouts
+	cp doc-support/result/xsl/docbook/images/callouts/*.svg out/html/images/callouts/
+	chmod u+w -R out/html/
+
+out/epub/manual.epub: manual-full.xml
+	mkdir -p out/epub/scratch
+	xsltproc --nonet \
+		--output out/epub/scratch/ \
+		doc-support/result/epub.xsl \
+		./manual-full.xml
+
+	cp -r $(pandoc_media_dir) out/epub/scratch/OEBPS
+	cp ./overrides.css out/epub/scratch/OEBPS
+	cp ./style.css out/epub/scratch/OEBPS
+	mkdir -p out/epub/scratch/OEBPS/images/callouts/
+	cp doc-support/result/xsl/docbook/images/callouts/*.svg out/epub/scratch/OEBPS/images/callouts/
+	echo "application/epub+zip" > mimetype
+	zip -0Xq "out/epub/manual.epub" mimetype
+	rm mimetype
+	cd "out/epub/scratch/" && zip -Xr9D "../manual.epub" *
+	rm -rf "out/epub/scratch/"
+
+highlightjs: doc-support/result
+	mkdir -p highlightjs
+	cp -r doc-support/result/highlightjs/highlight.pack.js highlightjs/
+	cp -r doc-support/result/highlightjs/LICENSE highlightjs/
+	cp -r doc-support/result/highlightjs/mono-blue.css highlightjs/
+	cp -r doc-support/result/highlightjs/loader.js highlightjs/
+
+
+manual-full.xml: ${MD_TARGETS} .version functions/library/locations.xml functions/library/generated *.xml **/*.xml **/**/*.xml
+	xmllint --nonet --xinclude --noxincludenode manual.xml --output manual-full.xml
+
+.version: doc-support/result
+	ln -rfs ./doc-support/result/version .version
+
+doc-support/result: doc-support/default.nix
+	(cd doc-support; nix-build)
+
+functions/library/locations.xml: doc-support/result
+	ln -rfs ./doc-support/result/function-locations.xml functions/library/locations.xml
+
+functions/library/generated: doc-support/result
+	ln -rfs ./doc-support/result/function-docs functions/library/generated
+
+%.section.xml: %.section.md
+	$(PANDOC) $^ -t docbook \
+		$(pandoc_flags) \
+		-o $@
+
+%.chapter.xml: %.chapter.md
+	$(PANDOC) $^ -t docbook \
+		--top-level-division=chapter \
+		$(pandoc_flags) \
+		-o $@

doc/README.md

@@ -1,348 +1,12 @@
-# Contributing to the Nixpkgs reference manual
 
-This directory houses the sources files for the Nixpkgs reference manual.
+# Nixpkgs/doc
 
-Going forward, it should only contain [reference](https://nix.dev/contributing/documentation/diataxis#reference) documentation.
-For tutorials, guides and explanations, contribute to <https://nix.dev/> instead.
+This directory houses the sources files for the Nixpkgs manual.
 
-For documentation only relevant for contributors, use Markdown files and code comments in the source code.
+You can find the [rendered documentation for Nixpkgs `unstable` on nixos.org](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/).
 
-Rendered documentation:
-- [Unstable (from master)](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/)
-- [Stable (from latest release)](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/)
+[Docs for Nixpkgs stable](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/stable/) are also available.
 
-The rendering tool is [nixos-render-docs](../pkgs/tools/nix/nixos-render-docs/src/nixos_render_docs), sometimes abbreviated `nrd`.
+If you want to contribute to the documentation, [here's how to do it](https://nixos.org/manual/nixpkgs/unstable/#chap-contributing).
 
-## Contributing to this documentation
-
-You can quickly check your edits with `nix-build`:
-
-```ShellSession
-$ cd /path/to/nixpkgs
-$ nix-build doc
-```
-
-If the build succeeds, the manual will be in `./result/share/doc/nixpkgs/manual.html`.
-
-### devmode
-
-The shell in the manual source directory makes available a command, `devmode`.
-It is a daemon, that:
-1. watches the manual's source for changes and when they occur — rebuilds
-2. HTTP serves the manual, injecting a script that triggers reload on changes
-3. opens the manual in the default browser
-
-## Syntax
-
-As per [RFC 0072](https://github.com/NixOS/rfcs/pull/72), all new documentation content should be written in [CommonMark](https://commonmark.org/) Markdown dialect.
-
-Additional syntax extensions are available, all of which can be used in NixOS option documentation. The following extensions are currently used:
-
-#### Tables
-
-Tables, using the [GitHub-flavored Markdown syntax](https://github.github.com/gfm/#tables-extension-).
-
-#### Anchors
-
-Explicitly defined **anchors** on headings, to allow linking to sections. These should be always used, to ensure the anchors can be linked even when the heading text changes, and to prevent conflicts between [automatically assigned identifiers](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/auto_identifiers.md).
-
-It uses the widely compatible [header attributes](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/attributes.md) syntax:
-
-```markdown
-## Syntax {#sec-contributing-markup}
-```
-
-> [!Note]
-> NixOS option documentation does not support headings in general.
-
-#### Inline Anchors
-
-Allow linking arbitrary place in the text (e.g. individual list items, sentences…).
-
-They are defined using a hybrid of the link syntax with the attributes syntax known from headings, called [bracketed spans](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/bracketed_spans.md):
-
-```markdown
-- []{#ssec-gnome-hooks-glib} `glib` setup hook will populate `GSETTINGS_SCHEMAS_PATH` and then `wrapGAppsHook` will prepend it to `XDG_DATA_DIRS`.
-```
-
-#### Automatic links
-
-If you **omit a link text** for a link pointing to a section, the text will be substituted automatically. For example `[](#chap-contributing)`.
-
-This syntax is taken from [MyST](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using/syntax.html#targets-and-cross-referencing).
-
-
-#### HTML
-
-Inlining HTML is not allowed. Parts of the documentation gets rendered to various non-HTML formats, such as man pages in the case of NixOS manual.
-
-#### Roles
-
-If you want to link to a man page, you can use `` {manpage}`nix.conf(5)` ``. The references will turn into links when a mapping exists in [`doc/manpage-urls.json`](./manpage-urls.json).
-
-A few markups for other kinds of literals are also available:
-
-- `` {command}`rm -rfi` ``
-- `` {env}`XDG_DATA_DIRS` ``
-- `` {file}`/etc/passwd` ``
-- `` {option}`networking.useDHCP` ``
-- `` {var}`/etc/passwd` ``
-
-These literal kinds are used mostly in NixOS option documentation.
-
-This syntax is taken from [MyST](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/syntax.html#roles-an-in-line-extension-point). Though, the feature originates from [reStructuredText](https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html#role-manpage) with slightly different syntax.
-
-#### Admonitions
-
-Set off from the text to bring attention to something.
-
-It uses pandoc’s [fenced `div`s syntax](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/fenced_divs.md):
-
-```markdown
-::: {.warning}
-This is a warning
-:::
-```
-
-The following are supported:
-
-- [`caution`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/caution.html)
-- [`important`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/important.html)
-- [`note`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/note.html)
-- [`tip`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/tip.html)
-- [`warning`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/warning.html)
-- [`example`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/example.html)
-
-Example admonitions require a title to work.
-If you don't provide one, the manual won't be built.
-
-```markdown
-::: {.example #ex-showing-an-example}
-
-# Title for this example
-
-Text for the example.
-:::
-```
-
-#### [Definition lists](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/definition_lists.md)
-
-For defining a group of terms:
-
-```markdown
-pear
-:   green or yellow bulbous fruit
-
-watermelon
-:   green fruit with red flesh
-```
-
-## Commit conventions
-
-- Make sure you read about the [commit conventions](../CONTRIBUTING.md#commit-conventions) common to Nixpkgs as a whole.
-
-- If creating a commit purely for documentation changes, format the commit message in the following way:
-
-  ```
-  doc: (documentation summary)
-
-  (Motivation for change, relevant links, additional information.)
-  ```
-
-  Examples:
-
-  * doc: update the kernel config documentation to use `nix-shell`
-  * doc: add information about `nix-update-script`
-
-    Closes #216321.
-
-- If the commit contains more than just documentation changes, follow the commit message format relevant for the rest of the changes.
-
-## Documentation conventions
-
-In an effort to keep the Nixpkgs manual in a consistent style, please follow the conventions below, unless they prevent you from properly documenting something.
-In that case, please open an issue about the particular documentation convention and tag it with a "needs: documentation" label.
-When needed, each convention explain why it exists, so you can make a decision whether to follow it or not based on your particular case.
-Note that these conventions are about the **structure** of the manual (and its source files), not about the content that goes in it.
-You, as the writer of documentation, are still in charge of its content.
-
-- Put each sentence in its own line.
-  This makes reviews and suggestions much easier, since GitHub's review system is based on lines.
-  It also helps identifying long sentences at a glance.
-
-- Use the [admonition syntax](#admonitions) for callouts and examples.
-
-- Provide at least one example per function, and make examples self-contained.
-  This is easier to understand for beginners.
-  It also helps with testing that it actually works – especially once we introduce automation.
-
-  Example code should be such that it can be passed to `pkgs.callPackage`.
-  Instead of something like:
-
-  ```nix
-  pkgs.dockerTools.buildLayeredImage {
-    name = "hello";
-    contents = [ pkgs.hello ];
-  }
-  ```
-
-  Write something like:
-
-  ```nix
-  { dockerTools, hello }:
-  dockerTools.buildLayeredImage {
-    name = "hello";
-    contents = [ hello ];
-  }
-  ```
-
-- When showing inputs/outputs of any [REPL](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93eval%E2%80%93print_loop), such as a shell or the Nix REPL, use a format as you'd see in the REPL, while trying to visually separate inputs from outputs.
-  This means that for a shell, you should use a format like the following:
-  ```shell
-  $ nix-build -A hello '<nixpkgs>' \
-    --option require-sigs false \
-    --option trusted-substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache \
-    --option substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache
-  /nix/store/zhl06z4lrfrkw5rp0hnjjfrgsclzvxpm-hello-2.12.1
-  ```
-  Note how the input is preceded by `$` on the first line and indented on subsequent lines, and how the output is provided as you'd see on the shell.
-
-  For the Nix REPL, you should use a format like the following:
-  ```shell
-  nix-repl> builtins.attrNames { a = 1; b = 2; }
-  [ "a" "b" ]
-  ```
-  Note how the input is preceded by `nix-repl>` and the output is provided as you'd see on the Nix REPL.
-
-- When documenting functions or anything that has inputs/outputs and example usage, use nested headings to clearly separate inputs, outputs, and examples.
-  Keep examples as the last nested heading, and link to the examples wherever applicable in the documentation.
-
-  The purpose of this convention is to provide a familiar structure for navigating the manual, so any reader can expect to find content related to inputs in an "inputs" heading, examples in an "examples" heading, and so on.
-  An example:
-  ```
-  ## buildImage
-
-  Some explanation about the function here.
-  Describe a particular scenario, and point to [](#ex-dockerTools-buildImage), which is an example demonstrating it.
-
-  ### Inputs
-
-  Documentation for the inputs of `buildImage`.
-  Perhaps even point to [](#ex-dockerTools-buildImage) again when talking about something specifically linked to it.
-
-  ### Passthru outputs
-
-  Documentation for any passthru outputs of `buildImage`.
-
-  ### Examples
-
-  Note that this is the last nested heading in the `buildImage` section.
-
-  :::{.example #ex-dockerTools-buildImage}
-
-  # Using `buildImage`
-
-  Example of how to use `buildImage` goes here.
-
-  :::
-  ```
-
-- Use [definition lists](#definition-lists) to document function arguments, and the attributes of such arguments as well as their [types](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/values).
-  For example:
-
-  ```markdown
-  # pkgs.coolFunction
-
-  Description of what `coolFunction` does.
-
-  ## Inputs
-
-  `coolFunction` expects a single argument which should be an attribute set, with the following possible attributes:
-
-  `name` (String)
-
-  : The name of the resulting image.
-
-  `tag` (String; _optional_)
-
-  : Tag of the generated image.
-
-    _Default:_ the output path's hash.
-  ```
-
-#### Examples
-
-To define a referenceable figure use the following fencing:
-
-```markdown
-:::{.example #an-attribute-set-example}
-# An attribute set example
-
-You can add text before
-
-    ```nix
-    { a = 1; b = 2;}
-    ```
-
-and after code fencing
-:::
-```
-
-Defining examples through the `example` fencing class adds them to a "List of Examples" section after the Table of Contents.
-Though this is not shown in the rendered documentation on nixos.org.
-
-#### Figures
-
-To define a referencable figure use the following fencing:
-
-```markdown
-::: {.figure #nixos-logo}
-# NixOS Logo
-![NixOS logo](./nixos_logo.png)
-:::
-```
-
-Defining figures through the `figure` fencing class adds them to a `List  of Figures` after the `Table of Contents`.
-Though this is not shown in the rendered documentation on nixos.org.
-
-#### Footnotes
-
-To add a foonote explanation, use the following syntax:
-
-```markdown
-Sometimes it's better to add context [^context] in a footnote.
-
-[^context]: This explanation will be rendered at the end of the chapter.
-```
-
-#### Inline comments
-
-Inline comments are supported with following syntax:
-
-```markdown
-<!-- This is an inline comment -->
-```
-
-The comments will not be rendered in the rendered HTML.
-
-#### Link reference definitions
-
-Links can reference a label, for example, to make the link target reusable:
-
-```markdown
-::: {.note}
-Reference links can also be used to [shorten URLs][url-id] and keep the markdown readable.
-:::
-
-[url-id]: https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/19d4f7dc485f74109bd66ef74231285ff797a823/doc/README.md
-```
-
-This syntax is taken from [CommonMark](https://spec.commonmark.org/0.30/#link-reference-definitions).
-
-#### Typographic replacements
-
-Typographic replacements are enabled. Check the [list of possible replacement patterns check](https://github.com/executablebooks/markdown-it-py/blob/3613e8016ecafe21709471ee0032a90a4157c2d1/markdown_it/rules_core/replacements.py#L1-L15).
-
-## Getting help
-
-If you need documentation-specific help or reviews, ping [@NixOS/documentation-reviewers](https://github.com/orgs/nixos/teams/documentation-reviewers) on your pull request.
+If you're only getting started with Nix, go to [nixos.org/learn](https://nixos.org/learn).

doc/anchor-use.js

@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(event) {
-  anchors.add('h1[id]:not(div.note h1, div.warning h1, div.tip h1, div.caution h1, div.important h1), h2[id]:not(div.note h2, div.warning h2, div.tip h2, div.caution h2, div.important h2), h3[id]:not(div.note h3, div.warning h3, div.tip h3, div.caution h3, div.important h3), h4[id]:not(div.note h4, div.warning h4, div.tip h4, div.caution h4, div.important h4), h5[id]:not(div.note h5, div.warning h5, div.tip h5, div.caution h5, div.important h5), h6[id]:not(div.note h6, div.warning h6, div.tip h6, div.caution h6, div.important h6)');
-});

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/docbook-reader/citerefentry-to-rst-role.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+--[[
+Converts Code AST nodes produced by pandoc’s DocBook reader
+from citerefentry elements into AST for corresponding role
+for reStructuredText.
+
+We use subset of MyST syntax (CommonMark with features from rST)
+so let’s use the rST AST for rST features.
+
+Reference: https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html#role-manpage
+]]
+
+function Code(elem)
+  elem.classes = elem.classes:map(function (x)
+    if x == 'citerefentry' then
+      elem.attributes['role'] = 'manpage'
+      return 'interpreted-text'
+    else
+      return x
+    end
+  end)
+
+  return elem
+end

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/docbook-writer/labelless-link-is-xref.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+--[[
+Converts Link AST nodes with empty label to DocBook xref elements.
+
+This is a temporary script to be able use cross-references conveniently
+using syntax taken from MyST, while we still use docbook-xsl
+for generating the documentation.
+
+Reference: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using/syntax.html#targets-and-cross-referencing
+]]
+
+local function starts_with(start, str)
+  return str:sub(1, #start) == start
+end
+
+local function escape_xml_arg(arg)
+  amps = arg:gsub('&', '&')
+  amps_quotes = amps:gsub('"', '"')
+  amps_quotes_lt = amps_quotes:gsub('<', '&lt;')
+
+  return amps_quotes_lt
+end
+
+function Link(elem)
+  has_no_content = #elem.content == 0
+  targets_anchor = starts_with('#', elem.target)
+  has_no_attributes = elem.title == '' and elem.identifier == '' and #elem.classes == 0 and #elem.attributes == 0
+
+  if has_no_content and targets_anchor and has_no_attributes then
+    -- xref expects idref without the pound-sign
+    target_without_hash = elem.target:sub(2, #elem.target)
+
+    return pandoc.RawInline('docbook', '<xref linkend="' .. escape_xml_arg(target_without_hash) .. '" />')
+  end
+end

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/docbook-writer/rst-roles.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+--[[
+Converts AST for reStructuredText roles into corresponding
+DocBook elements.
+
+Currently, only a subset of roles is supported.
+
+Reference:
+  List of roles:
+    https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html
+  manpage:
+    https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.1/citerefentry.html
+  file:
+    https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.1/filename.html
+]]
+
+function Code(elem)
+  if elem.classes:includes('interpreted-text') then
+    local tag = nil
+    local content = elem.text
+    if elem.attributes['role'] == 'manpage' then
+      tag = 'citerefentry'
+      local title, volnum = content:match('^(.+)%((%w+)%)$')
+      if title == nil then
+        -- No volnum in parentheses.
+        title = content
+      end
+      content = '<refentrytitle>' .. title .. '</refentrytitle>' .. (volnum ~= nil and ('<manvolnum>' .. volnum .. '</manvolnum>') or '')
+    elseif elem.attributes['role'] == 'file' then
+      tag = 'filename'
+    elseif elem.attributes['role'] == 'command' then
+      tag = 'command'
+    elseif elem.attributes['role'] == 'option' then
+      tag = 'option'
+    elseif elem.attributes['role'] == 'var' then
+      tag = 'varname'
+    elseif elem.attributes['role'] == 'env' then
+      tag = 'envar'
+    end
+
+    if tag ~= nil then
+      return pandoc.RawInline('docbook', '<' .. tag .. '>' .. content .. '</' .. tag .. '>')
+    end
+  end
+end

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/link-manpages.nix

@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+{ pkgs ? import ../../.. {} }:
+let
+  inherit (pkgs) lib;
+  manpageURLs = lib.importJSON (pkgs.path + "/doc/manpage-urls.json");
+in pkgs.writeText "link-manpages.lua" ''
+  --[[
+  Adds links to known man pages that aren't already in a link.
+  ]]
+
+  local manpage_urls = {
+  ${lib.concatStringsSep "\n" (lib.mapAttrsToList (man: url:
+    "  [${builtins.toJSON man}] = ${builtins.toJSON url},") manpageURLs)}
+  }
+
+  traverse = 'topdown'
+
+  -- Returning false as the second value aborts processing of child elements.
+  function Link(elem)
+    return elem, false
+  end
+
+  function Code(elem)
+    local is_man_role = elem.classes:includes('interpreted-text') and elem.attributes['role'] == 'manpage'
+    if is_man_role and manpage_urls[elem.text] ~= nil then
+      return pandoc.Link(elem, manpage_urls[elem.text]), false
+    end
+  end
+''

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/myst-reader/roles.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+--[[
+Replaces Str AST nodes containing {role}, followed by a Code node
+by a Code node with attrs that would be produced by rST reader
+from the role syntax.
+
+This is to emulate MyST syntax in Pandoc.
+(MyST is a CommonMark flavour with rST features mixed in.)
+
+Reference: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/syntax.html#roles-an-in-line-extension-point
+]]
+
+function Inlines(inlines)
+  for i = #inlines-1,1,-1 do
+    local first = inlines[i]
+    local second = inlines[i+1]
+    local correct_tags = first.tag == 'Str' and second.tag == 'Code'
+    if correct_tags then
+      -- docutils supports alphanumeric strings separated by [-._:]
+      -- We are slightly more liberal for simplicity.
+      -- Allow preceding punctuation (eg '('), otherwise '({file}`...`)'
+      -- does not match. Also allow anything followed by a non-breaking space
+      -- since pandoc emits those after certain abbreviations (e.g. e.g.).
+      local prefix, role = first.text:match('^(.*){([-._+:%w]+)}$')
+      if role ~= nil and (prefix == '' or prefix:match("^.*[%p ]$") ~= nil) then
+        if prefix == '' then
+          inlines:remove(i)
+        else
+          first.text = prefix
+        end
+        second.attributes['role'] = role
+        second.classes:insert('interpreted-text')
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  return inlines
+end

doc/build-aux/pandoc-filters/myst-writer/roles.lua

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+--[[
+Replaces Code nodes with attrs that would be produced by rST reader
+from the role syntax by a Str AST node containing {role}, followed by a Code node.
+
+This is to emulate MyST syntax in Pandoc.
+(MyST is a CommonMark flavour with rST features mixed in.)
+
+Reference: https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/syntax.html#roles-an-in-line-extension-point
+]]
+
+function Code(elem)
+  local role = elem.attributes['role']
+
+  if elem.classes:includes('interpreted-text') and role ~= nil then
+    elem.classes = elem.classes:filter(function (c)
+      return c ~= 'interpreted-text'
+    end)
+    elem.attributes['role'] = nil
+
+    return {
+      pandoc.Str('{' .. role .. '}'),
+      elem,
+    }
+  end
+end

doc/build-helpers.md

@@ -1,28 +0,0 @@
-# Build helpers {#part-builders}
-
-A build helper is a function that produces derivations.
-
-:::{.warning}
-This is not to be confused with the [`builder` argument of the Nix `derivation` primitive](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/unstable/language/derivations.html), which refers to the executable that produces the build result, or [remote builder](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/advanced-topics/distributed-builds.html), which refers to a remote  machine that could run such an executable.
-:::
-
-Such a function is usually designed to abstract over a typical workflow for a given programming language or framework.
-This allows declaring a build recipe by setting a limited number of options relevant to the particular use case instead of using the `derivation` function directly.
-
-[`stdenv.mkDerivation`](#part-stdenv) is the most widely used build helper, and serves as a basis for many others.
-In addition, it offers various options to customize parts of the builds.
-
-There is no uniform interface for build helpers.
-[Trivial build helpers](#chap-trivial-builders) and [fetchers](#chap-pkgs-fetchers) have various input types for convenience.
-[Language- or framework-specific build helpers](#chap-language-support) usually follow the style of `stdenv.mkDerivation`, which accepts an attribute set or a fixed-point function taking an attribute set.
-
-```{=include=} chapters
-build-helpers/fetchers.chapter.md
-build-helpers/trivial-build-helpers.chapter.md
-build-helpers/testers.chapter.md
-build-helpers/special.md
-build-helpers/images.md
-hooks/index.md
-languages-frameworks/index.md
-packages/index.md
-```

doc/build-helpers/fetchers.chapter.md

@@ -1,291 +0,0 @@
-# Fetchers {#chap-pkgs-fetchers}
-
-Building software with Nix often requires downloading source code and other files from the internet.
-To this end, Nixpkgs provides *fetchers*: functions to obtain remote sources via various protocols and services.
-
-Nixpkgs fetchers differ from built-in fetchers such as [`builtins.fetchTarball`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/builtins.html#builtins-fetchTarball):
-- A built-in fetcher will download and cache files at evaluation time and produce a [store path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/glossary#gloss-store-path).
-  A Nixpkgs fetcher will create a ([fixed-output](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/glossary#gloss-fixed-output-derivation)) [derivation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/derivations), and files are downloaded at build time.
-- Built-in fetchers will invalidate their cache after [`tarball-ttl`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file#conf-tarball-ttl) expires, and will require network activity to check if the cache entry is up to date.
-  Nixpkgs fetchers only re-download if the specified hash changes or the store object is not otherwise available.
-- Built-in fetchers do not use [substituters](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file#conf-substituters).
-  Derivations produced by Nixpkgs fetchers will use any configured binary cache transparently.
-
-This significantly reduces the time needed to evaluate the entirety of Nixpkgs, and allows [Hydra](https://nixos.org/hydra) to retain and re-distribute sources used by Nixpkgs in the [public binary cache](https://cache.nixos.org).
-For these reasons, built-in fetchers are not allowed in Nixpkgs source code.
-
-The following table shows an overview of the differences:
-
-| Fetchers | Download | Output | Cache | Re-download when |
-|-|-|-|-|-|
-| `builtins.fetch*` | evaluation time | store path | `/nix/store`, `~/.cache/nix` | `tarball-ttl` expires, cache miss in `~/.cache/nix`, output store object not in local store |
-| `pkgs.fetch*` | build time | derivation | `/nix/store`, substituters | output store object not available |
-
-## Caveats {#chap-pkgs-fetchers-caveats}
-
-The fact that the hash belongs to the Nix derivation output and not the file itself can lead to confusion.
-For example, consider the following fetcher:
-
-```nix
-fetchurl {
-  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.0.tar.gz";
-  hash = "sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=";
-};
-```
-
-A common mistake is to update a fetcher’s URL, or a version parameter, without updating the hash.
-
-```nix
-fetchurl {
-  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.1.tar.gz";
-  hash = "sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=";
-};
-```
-
-**This will reuse the old contents**.
-Remember to invalidate the hash argument, in this case by setting the `hash` attribute to an empty string.
-
-```nix
-fetchurl {
-  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.1.tar.gz";
-  hash = "";
-};
-```
-
-Use the resulting error message to determine the correct hash.
-
-```
-error: hash mismatch in fixed-output derivation '/path/to/my.drv':
-         specified: sha256-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
-            got:    sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=
-```
-
-A similar problem arises while testing changes to a fetcher's implementation. If the output of the derivation already exists in the Nix store, test failures can go undetected. The [`invalidateFetcherByDrvHash`](#tester-invalidateFetcherByDrvHash) function helps prevent reusing cached derivations.
-
-## `fetchurl` and `fetchzip` {#fetchurl}
-
-Two basic fetchers are `fetchurl` and `fetchzip`. Both of these have two required arguments, a URL and a hash. The hash is typically `hash`, although many more hash algorithms are supported. Nixpkgs contributors are currently recommended to use `hash`. This hash will be used by Nix to identify your source. A typical usage of `fetchurl` is provided below.
-
-```nix
-{ stdenv, fetchurl }:
-
-stdenv.mkDerivation {
-  name = "hello";
-  src = fetchurl {
-    url = "http://www.example.org/hello.tar.gz";
-    hash = "sha256-BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=";
-  };
-}
-```
-
-The main difference between `fetchurl` and `fetchzip` is in how they store the contents. `fetchurl` will store the unaltered contents of the URL within the Nix store. `fetchzip` on the other hand, will decompress the archive for you, making files and directories directly accessible in the future. `fetchzip` can only be used with archives. Despite the name, `fetchzip` is not limited to .zip files and can also be used with any tarball.
-
-Additional parameters to `fetchurl`:
-- `downloadToTemp`: Defaults to `false`. If `true`, saves the source to `$downloadedFile`, to be used in conjunction with `postFetch`
-- `postFetch`: Shell code executed after the file has been fetched successfully. Use it for postprocessing, to check or transform the file.
-
-## `fetchpatch` {#fetchpatch}
-
-`fetchpatch` works very similarly to `fetchurl` with the same arguments expected. It expects patch files as a source and performs normalization on them before computing the checksum. For example, it will remove comments or other unstable parts that are sometimes added by version control systems and can change over time.
-
-- `relative`: Similar to using `git-diff`'s `--relative` flag, only keep changes inside the specified directory, making paths relative to it.
-- `stripLen`: Remove the first `stripLen` components of pathnames in the patch.
-- `decode`: Pipe the downloaded data through this command before processing it as a patch.
-- `extraPrefix`: Prefix pathnames by this string.
-- `excludes`: Exclude files matching these patterns (applies after the above arguments).
-- `includes`: Include only files matching these patterns (applies after the above arguments).
-- `revert`: Revert the patch.
-
-Note that because the checksum is computed after applying these effects, using or modifying these arguments will have no effect unless the `hash` argument is changed as well.
-
-
-Most other fetchers return a directory rather than a single file.
-
-
-## `fetchDebianPatch` {#fetchdebianpatch}
-
-A wrapper around `fetchpatch`, which takes:
-- `patch` and `hash`: the patch's filename,
-  and its hash after normalization by `fetchpatch` ;
-- `pname`: the Debian source package's name ;
-- `version`: the upstream version number ;
-- `debianRevision`: the [Debian revision number] if applicable ;
-- the `area` of the Debian archive: `main` (default), `contrib`, or `non-free`.
-
-Here is an example of `fetchDebianPatch` in action:
-
-```nix
-{ lib
-, fetchDebianPatch
-, buildPythonPackage
-}:
-
-buildPythonPackage rec {
-  pname = "pysimplesoap";
-  version = "1.16.2";
-  src = ...;
-
-  patches = [
-    (fetchDebianPatch {
-      inherit pname version;
-      debianRevision = "5";
-      name = "Add-quotes-to-SOAPAction-header-in-SoapClient.patch";
-      hash = "sha256-xA8Wnrpr31H8wy3zHSNfezFNjUJt1HbSXn3qUMzeKc0=";
-    })
-  ];
-
-  ...
-}
-```
-
-Patches are fetched from `sources.debian.org`, and so must come from a
-package version that was uploaded to the Debian archive.  Packages may
-be removed from there once that specific version isn't in any suite
-anymore (stable, testing, unstable, etc.), so maintainers should use
-`copy-tarballs.pl` to archive the patch if it needs to be available
-longer-term.
-
-[Debian revision number]: https://www.debian.org/doc/debian-policy/ch-controlfields.html#version
-
-
-## `fetchsvn` {#fetchsvn}
-
-Used with Subversion. Expects `url` to a Subversion directory, `rev`, and `hash`.
-
-## `fetchgit` {#fetchgit}
-
-Used with Git. Expects `url` to a Git repo, `rev`, and `hash`. `rev` in this case can be full the git commit id (SHA1 hash) or a tag name like `refs/tags/v1.0`.
-
-Additionally, the following optional arguments can be given: `fetchSubmodules = true` makes `fetchgit` also fetch the submodules of a repository. If `deepClone` is set to true, the entire repository is cloned as opposing to just creating a shallow clone. `deepClone = true` also implies `leaveDotGit = true` which means that the `.git` directory of the clone won't be removed after checkout.
-
-If only parts of the repository are needed, `sparseCheckout` can be used. This will prevent git from fetching unnecessary blobs from server, see [git sparse-checkout](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-sparse-checkout) for more information:
-
-```nix
-{ stdenv, fetchgit }:
-
-stdenv.mkDerivation {
-  name = "hello";
-  src = fetchgit {
-    url = "https://...";
-    sparseCheckout = [
-      "directory/to/be/included"
-      "another/directory"
-    ];
-    hash = "sha256-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=";
-  };
-}
-```
-
-## `fetchfossil` {#fetchfossil}
-
-Used with Fossil. Expects `url` to a Fossil archive, `rev`, and `hash`.
-
-## `fetchcvs` {#fetchcvs}
-
-Used with CVS. Expects `cvsRoot`, `tag`, and `hash`.
-
-## `fetchhg` {#fetchhg}
-
-Used with Mercurial. Expects `url`, `rev`, and `hash`.
-
-A number of fetcher functions wrap part of `fetchurl` and `fetchzip`. They are mainly convenience functions intended for commonly used destinations of source code in Nixpkgs. These wrapper fetchers are listed below.
-
-## `fetchFromGitea` {#fetchfromgitea}
-
-`fetchFromGitea` expects five arguments. `domain` is the gitea server name. `owner` is a string corresponding to the Gitea user or organization that controls this repository. `repo` corresponds to the name of the software repository. These are located at the top of every Gitea HTML page as `owner`/`repo`. `rev` corresponds to the Git commit hash or tag (e.g `v1.0`) that will be downloaded from Git. Finally, `hash` corresponds to the hash of the extracted directory. Again, other hash algorithms are also available but `hash` is currently preferred.
-
-## `fetchFromGitHub` {#fetchfromgithub}
-
-`fetchFromGitHub` expects four arguments. `owner` is a string corresponding to the GitHub user or organization that controls this repository. `repo` corresponds to the name of the software repository. These are located at the top of every GitHub HTML page as `owner`/`repo`. `rev` corresponds to the Git commit hash or tag (e.g `v1.0`) that will be downloaded from Git. Finally, `hash` corresponds to the hash of the extracted directory. Again, other hash algorithms are also available, but `hash` is currently preferred.
-
-To use a different GitHub instance, use `githubBase` (defaults to `"github.com"`).
-
-`fetchFromGitHub` uses `fetchzip` to download the source archive generated by GitHub for the specified revision. If `leaveDotGit`, `deepClone` or `fetchSubmodules` are set to `true`, `fetchFromGitHub` will use `fetchgit` instead. Refer to its section for documentation of these options.
-
-## `fetchFromGitLab` {#fetchfromgitlab}
-
-This is used with GitLab repositories. It behaves similarly to `fetchFromGitHub`, and expects `owner`, `repo`, `rev`, and `hash`.
-
-To use a specific GitLab instance, use `domain` (defaults to `"gitlab.com"`).
-
-
-## `fetchFromGitiles` {#fetchfromgitiles}
-
-This is used with Gitiles repositories. The arguments expected are similar to `fetchgit`.
-
-## `fetchFromBitbucket` {#fetchfrombitbucket}
-
-This is used with BitBucket repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
-
-## `fetchFromSavannah` {#fetchfromsavannah}
-
-This is used with Savannah repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
-
-## `fetchFromRepoOrCz` {#fetchfromrepoorcz}
-
-This is used with repo.or.cz repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
-
-## `fetchFromSourcehut` {#fetchfromsourcehut}
-
-This is used with sourcehut repositories. Similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above,
-it expects `owner`, `repo`, `rev` and `hash`, but don't forget the tilde (~)
-in front of the username! Expected arguments also include `vc` ("git" (default)
-or "hg"), `domain` and `fetchSubmodules`.
-
-If `fetchSubmodules` is `true`, `fetchFromSourcehut` uses `fetchgit`
-or `fetchhg` with `fetchSubmodules` or `fetchSubrepos` set to `true`,
-respectively. Otherwise, the fetcher uses `fetchzip`.
-
-## `requireFile` {#requirefile}
-
-`requireFile` allows requesting files that cannot be fetched automatically, but whose content is known.
-This is a useful last-resort workaround for license restrictions that prohibit redistribution, or for downloads that are only accessible after authenticating interactively in a browser.
-If the requested file is present in the Nix store, the resulting derivation will not be built, because its expected output is already available.
-Otherwise, the builder will run, but fail with a message explaining to the user how to provide the file. The following code, for example:
-
-```
-requireFile {
-  name = "jdk-${version}_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz";
-  url = "https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html";
-  hash = "sha256-lL00+F7jjT71nlKJ7HRQuUQ7kkxVYlZh//5msD8sjeI=";
-}
-```
-results in this error message:
-```
-***
-Unfortunately, we cannot download file jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz automatically.
-Please go to https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html to download it yourself, and add it to the Nix store
-using either
-  nix-store --add-fixed sha256 jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
-or
-  nix-prefetch-url --type sha256 file:///path/to/jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
-
-***
-```
-
-This function should only be used by non-redistributable software with an unfree license that we need to require the user to download manually.
-It produces packages that cannot be built automatically.
-
-## `fetchtorrent` {#fetchtorrent}
-
-`fetchtorrent` expects two arguments. `url` which can either be a Magnet URI (Magnet Link) such as `magnet:?xt=urn:btih:dd8255ecdc7ca55fb0bbf81323d87062db1f6d1c` or an HTTP URL pointing to a `.torrent` file. It can also take a `config` argument which will craft a `settings.json` configuration file and give it to `transmission`, the underlying program that is performing the fetch. The available config options for `transmission` can be found [here](https://github.com/transmission/transmission/blob/main/docs/Editing-Configuration-Files.md#options)
-
-```
-{ fetchtorrent }:
-
-fetchtorrent {
-  config = { peer-limit-global = 100; };
-  url = "magnet:?xt=urn:btih:dd8255ecdc7ca55fb0bbf81323d87062db1f6d1c";
-  sha256 = "";
-}
-```
-
-### Parameters {#fetchtorrent-parameters}
-
-- `url`: Magnet URI (Magnet Link) such as `magnet:?xt=urn:btih:dd8255ecdc7ca55fb0bbf81323d87062db1f6d1c` or an HTTP URL pointing to a `.torrent` file.
-
-- `backend`: Which bittorrent program to use. Default: `"transmission"`. Valid values are `"rqbit"` or `"transmission"`. These are the two most suitable torrent clients for fetching in a fixed-output derivation at the time of writing, as they can be easily exited after usage. `rqbit` is written in Rust and has a smaller closure size than `transmission`, and the performance and peer discovery properties differs between these clients, requiring experimentation to decide upon which is the best.
-
-- `config`: When using `transmission` as the `backend`, a json configuration can
-  be supplied to transmission. Refer to the [upstream documentation](https://github.com/transmission/transmission/blob/main/docs/Editing-Configuration-Files.md) for information on how to configure.
-

doc/build-helpers/images.md

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Images {#chap-images}
-
-This chapter describes tools for creating various types of images.
-
-```{=include=} sections
-images/appimagetools.section.md
-images/dockertools.section.md
-images/ocitools.section.md
-images/portableservice.section.md
-images/makediskimage.section.md
-images/binarycache.section.md
-```

doc/build-helpers/images/appimagetools.section.md

@@ -1,167 +0,0 @@
-# pkgs.appimageTools {#sec-pkgs-appimageTools}
-
-`pkgs.appimageTools` is a set of functions for extracting and wrapping [AppImage](https://appimage.org/) files.
-They are meant to be used if traditional packaging from source is infeasible, or if it would take too long.
-To quickly run an AppImage file, `pkgs.appimage-run` can be used as well.
-
-::: {.warning}
-The `appimageTools` API is unstable and may be subject to backwards-incompatible changes in the future.
-:::
-
-## Wrapping {#ssec-pkgs-appimageTools-wrapping}
-
-Use `wrapType2` to wrap any AppImage.
-This will create a FHS environment with many packages [expected to exist](https://github.com/AppImage/pkg2appimage/blob/master/excludelist) for the AppImage to work.
-`wrapType2` expects an argument with the `src` attribute, and either a `name` attribute or `pname` and `version` attributes.
-
-It will eventually call into [`buildFHSEnv`](#sec-fhs-environments), and any extra attributes in the argument to `wrapType2` will be passed through to it.
-This means that you can pass the `extraInstallCommands` attribute, for example, and it will have the same effect as described in [`buildFHSEnv`](#sec-fhs-environments).
-
-::: {.note}
-In the past, `appimageTools` provided both `wrapType1` and `wrapType2`, to be used depending on the type of AppImage that was being wrapped.
-However, [those were unified early 2020](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/81833), meaning that both `wrapType1` and `wrapType2` have the same behaviour now.
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-wrapping-appimage-from-github}
-
-# Wrapping an AppImage from GitHub
-
-```nix
-{ appimageTools, fetchurl }:
-let
-  pname = "nuclear";
-  version = "0.6.30";
-
-  src = fetchurl {
-    url = "https://github.com/nukeop/nuclear/releases/download/v${version}/${pname}-v${version}.AppImage";
-    hash = "sha256-he1uGC1M/nFcKpMM9JKY4oeexJcnzV0ZRxhTjtJz6xw=";
-  };
-in
-appimageTools.wrapType2 {
-  inherit pname version src;
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-The argument passed to `wrapType2` can also contain an `extraPkgs` attribute, which allows you to include additional packages inside the FHS environment your AppImage is going to run in.
-`extraPkgs` must be a function that returns a list of packages.
-There are a few ways to learn which dependencies an application needs:
-
-  - Looking through the extracted AppImage files, reading its scripts and running `patchelf` and `ldd` on its executables.
-    This can also be done in `appimage-run`, by setting `APPIMAGE_DEBUG_EXEC=bash`.
-  - Running `strace -vfefile` on the wrapped executable, looking for libraries that can't be found.
-
-:::{.example #ex-wrapping-appimage-with-extrapkgs}
-
-# Wrapping an AppImage with extra packages
-
-```nix
-{ appimageTools, fetchurl }:
-let
-  pname = "irccloud";
-  version = "0.16.0";
-
-  src = fetchurl {
-    url = "https://github.com/irccloud/irccloud-desktop/releases/download/v${version}/IRCCloud-${version}-linux-x86_64.AppImage";
-    sha256 = "sha256-/hMPvYdnVB1XjKgU2v47HnVvW4+uC3rhRjbucqin4iI=";
-  };
-in appimageTools.wrapType2 {
-  inherit pname version src;
-  extraPkgs = pkgs: [ pkgs.at-spi2-core ];
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-## Extracting {#ssec-pkgs-appimageTools-extracting}
-
-Use `extract` if you need to extract the contents of an AppImage.
-This is usually used in Nixpkgs to install extra files in addition to [wrapping](#ssec-pkgs-appimageTools-wrapping) the AppImage.
-`extract` expects an argument with the `src` attribute, and either a `name` attribute or `pname` and `version` attributes.
-
-::: {.note}
-In the past, `appimageTools` provided both `extractType1` and `extractType2`, to be used depending on the type of AppImage that was being extracted.
-However, [those were unified early 2020](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/pull/81572), meaning that both `extractType1` and `extractType2` have the same behaviour as `extract` now.
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-extracting-appimage}
-
-# Extracting an AppImage to install extra files
-
-This example was adapted from a real package in Nixpkgs to show how `extract` is usually used in combination with `wrapType2`.
-Note how `appimageContents` is used in `extraInstallCommands` to install additional files that were extracted from the AppImage.
-
-```nix
-{ appimageTools, fetchurl }:
-let
-  pname = "irccloud";
-  version = "0.16.0";
-
-  src = fetchurl {
-    url = "https://github.com/irccloud/irccloud-desktop/releases/download/v${version}/IRCCloud-${version}-linux-x86_64.AppImage";
-    sha256 = "sha256-/hMPvYdnVB1XjKgU2v47HnVvW4+uC3rhRjbucqin4iI=";
-  };
-
-  appimageContents = appimageTools.extract {
-    inherit pname version src;
-  };
-in appimageTools.wrapType2 {
-  inherit pname version src;
-
-  extraPkgs = pkgs: [ pkgs.at-spi2-core ];
-
-  extraInstallCommands = ''
-    mv $out/bin/${pname}-${version} $out/bin/${pname}
-    install -m 444 -D ${appimageContents}/irccloud.desktop $out/share/applications/irccloud.desktop
-    install -m 444 -D ${appimageContents}/usr/share/icons/hicolor/512x512/apps/irccloud.png \
-      $out/share/icons/hicolor/512x512/apps/irccloud.png
-    substituteInPlace $out/share/applications/irccloud.desktop \
-      --replace 'Exec=AppRun' 'Exec=${pname}'
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-The argument passed to `extract` can also contain a `postExtract` attribute, which allows you to execute additional commands after the files are extracted from the AppImage.
-`postExtract` must be a string with commands to run.
-
-:::{.example #ex-extracting-appimage-with-postextract}
-
-# Extracting an AppImage to install extra files, using `postExtract`
-
-This is a rewrite of [](#ex-extracting-appimage) to use `postExtract`.
-
-```nix
-{ appimageTools, fetchurl }:
-let
-  pname = "irccloud";
-  version = "0.16.0";
-
-  src = fetchurl {
-    url = "https://github.com/irccloud/irccloud-desktop/releases/download/v${version}/IRCCloud-${version}-linux-x86_64.AppImage";
-    sha256 = "sha256-/hMPvYdnVB1XjKgU2v47HnVvW4+uC3rhRjbucqin4iI=";
-  };
-
-  appimageContents = appimageTools.extract {
-    inherit pname version src;
-    postExtract = ''
-      substituteInPlace $out/irccloud.desktop --replace 'Exec=AppRun' 'Exec=${pname}'
-    '';
-  };
-in appimageTools.wrapType2 {
-  inherit pname version src;
-
-  extraPkgs = pkgs: [ pkgs.at-spi2-core ];
-
-  extraInstallCommands = ''
-    mv $out/bin/${pname}-${version} $out/bin/${pname}
-    install -m 444 -D ${appimageContents}/irccloud.desktop $out/share/applications/irccloud.desktop
-    install -m 444 -D ${appimageContents}/usr/share/icons/hicolor/512x512/apps/irccloud.png \
-      $out/share/icons/hicolor/512x512/apps/irccloud.png
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-:::

doc/build-helpers/images/binarycache.section.md

@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-# pkgs.mkBinaryCache {#sec-pkgs-binary-cache}
-
-`pkgs.mkBinaryCache` is a function for creating Nix flat-file binary caches.
-Such a cache exists as a directory on disk, and can be used as a Nix substituter by passing `--substituter file:///path/to/cache` to Nix commands.
-
-Nix packages are most commonly shared between machines using [HTTP, SSH, or S3](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/package-management/sharing-packages.html), but a flat-file binary cache can still be useful in some situations.
-For example, you can copy it directly to another machine, or make it available on a network file system.
-It can also be a convenient way to make some Nix packages available inside a container via bind-mounting.
-
-`mkBinaryCache` expects an argument with the `rootPaths` attribute.
-`rootPaths` must be a list of derivations.
-The transitive closure of these derivations' outputs will be copied into the cache.
-
-::: {.note}
-This function is meant for advanced use cases.
-The more idiomatic way to work with flat-file binary caches is via the [nix-copy-closure](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-copy-closure.html) command.
-You may also want to consider [dockerTools](#sec-pkgs-dockerTools) for your containerization needs.
-:::
-
-[]{#sec-pkgs-binary-cache-example}
-:::{.example #ex-mkbinarycache-copying-package-closure}
-
-# Copying a package and its closure to another machine with `mkBinaryCache`
-
-The following derivation will construct a flat-file binary cache containing the closure of `hello`.
-
-```nix
-{ mkBinaryCache, hello }:
-mkBinaryCache {
-  rootPaths = [hello];
-}
-```
-
-Build the cache on a machine.
-Note that the command still builds the exact nix package above, but adds some boilerplate to build it directly from an expression.
-
-```shellSession
-$ nix-build -E 'let pkgs = import <nixpkgs> {}; in pkgs.callPackage ({ mkBinaryCache, hello }: mkBinaryCache { rootPaths = [hello]; }) {}'
-/nix/store/azf7xay5xxdnia4h9fyjiv59wsjdxl0g-binary-cache
-```
-
-Copy the resulting directory to another machine, which we'll call `host2`:
-
-```shellSession
-$ scp result host2:/tmp/hello-cache
-```
-
-At this point, the cache can be used as a substituter when building derivations on `host2`:
-
-```shellSession
-$ nix-build -A hello '<nixpkgs>' \
-  --option require-sigs false \
-  --option trusted-substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache \
-  --option substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache
-/nix/store/zhl06z4lrfrkw5rp0hnjjfrgsclzvxpm-hello-2.12.1
-```
-
-:::

doc/build-helpers/images/ocitools.section.md

@@ -1,104 +0,0 @@
-# pkgs.ociTools {#sec-pkgs-ociTools}
-
-`pkgs.ociTools` is a set of functions for creating runtime container bundles according to the [OCI runtime specification v1.0.0](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec/blob/v1.0.0/spec.md).
-It makes no assumptions about the container runner you choose to use to run the created container.
-
-The set of functions in `pkgs.ociTools` currently does not handle the [OCI image specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec).
-
-At a high-level an OCI implementation would download an OCI Image then unpack that image into an OCI Runtime filesystem bundle.
-At this point the OCI Runtime Bundle would be run by an OCI Runtime.
-`pkgs.ociTools` provides utilities to create OCI Runtime bundles.
-
-## buildContainer {#ssec-pkgs-ociTools-buildContainer}
-
-This function creates an OCI runtime container (consisting of a `config.json` and a root filesystem directory) that runs a single command inside of it.
-The nix store of the container will contain all referenced dependencies of the given command.
-
-This function has an assumption that the container will run on POSIX platforms, and sets configurations (such as the user running the process or certain mounts) according to this assumption.
-Because of this, a container built with `buildContainer` will not work on Windows or other non-POSIX platforms without modifications to the container configuration.
-These modifications aren't supported by `buildContainer`.
-
-For `linux` platforms, `buildContainer` also configures the following namespaces (see {manpage}`unshare(1)`) to isolate the OCI container from the global namespace:
-PID, network, mount, IPC, and UTS.
-
-Note that no user namespace is created, which means that you won't be able to run the container unless you are the `root` user.
-
-### Inputs {#ssec-pkgs-ociTools-buildContainer-inputs}
-
-`buildContainer` expects an argument with the following attributes:
-
-`args` (List of String)
-
-: Specifies a set of arguments to run inside the container.
-  Any packages referenced by `args` will be made available inside the container.
-
-`mounts` (Attribute Set; _optional_)
-
-: Would specify additional mounts that the runtime must make available to the container.
-
-  :::{.warning}
-  As explained in [issue #290879](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/issues/290879), this attribute is currently ignored.
-  :::
-
-  :::{.note}
-  `buildContainer` includes a minimal set of necessary filesystems to be mounted into the container, and this set can't be changed with the `mounts` attribute.
-  :::
-
-  _Default value:_ `{}`.
-
-`readonly` (Boolean; _optional_)
-
-: If `true`, sets the container's root filesystem as read-only.
-
-  _Default value:_ `false`.
-
-`os` **DEPRECATED**
-
-: Specifies the operating system on which the container filesystem is based on.
-  If specified, its value should follow the [OCI Image Configuration Specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/config.md#properties).
-  According to the linked specification, all possible values for `$GOOS` in [the Go docs](https://go.dev/doc/install/source#environment) should be valid, but will commonly be one of `darwin` or `linux`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `"linux"`.
-
-`arch` **DEPRECATED**
-
-: Used to specify the architecture for which the binaries in the container filesystem have been compiled.
-  If specified, its value should follow the [OCI Image Configuration Specification](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/main/config.md#properties).
-  According to the linked specification, all possible values for `$GOARCH` in [the Go docs](https://go.dev/doc/install/source#environment) should be valid, but will commonly be one of `386`, `amd64`, `arm`, or `arm64`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `x86_64`.
-
-### Examples {#ssec-pkgs-ociTools-buildContainer-examples}
-
-::: {.example #ex-ociTools-buildContainer-bash}
-# Creating an OCI runtime container that runs `bash`
-
-This example uses `ociTools.buildContainer` to create a simple container that runs `bash`.
-
-```nix
-{ ociTools, lib, bash }:
-ociTools.buildContainer {
-  args = [
-    (lib.getExe bash)
-  ];
-
-  readonly = false;
-}
-```
-
-As an example of how to run the container generated by this package, we'll use `runc` to start the container.
-Any other tool that supports OCI containers could be used instead.
-
-```shell
-$ nix-build
-(some output removed for clarity)
-/nix/store/7f9hgx0arvhzp2a3qphp28rxbn748l25-join
-
-$ cd /nix/store/7f9hgx0arvhzp2a3qphp28rxbn748l25-join
-$ nix-shell -p runc
-[nix-shell:/nix/store/7f9hgx0arvhzp2a3qphp28rxbn748l25-join]$ sudo runc run ocitools-example
-help
-GNU bash, version 5.2.26(1)-release (x86_64-pc-linux-gnu)
-(some output removed for clarity)
-```
-:::

doc/build-helpers/images/portableservice.section.md

@@ -1,174 +0,0 @@
-# pkgs.portableService {#sec-pkgs-portableService}
-
-`pkgs.portableService` is a function to create [Portable Services](https://systemd.io/PORTABLE_SERVICES/) in a read-only, immutable, `squashfs` raw disk image.
-This lets you use Nix to build images which can be run on many recent Linux distributions.
-
-::: {.note}
-Portable services are supported starting with systemd 239 (released on 2018-06-22).
-:::
-
-The generated image will contain the file system structure as required by the Portable Services specification, along with the packages given to `portableService` and all of their dependencies.
-When generated, the image will exist in the Nix store with the `.raw` file extension, as required by the specification.
-See [](#ex-portableService-hello) to understand how to use the output of `portableService`.
-
-## Inputs {#ssec-pkgs-portableService-inputs}
-
-`portableService` expects one argument with the following attributes:
-
-`pname` (String)
-
-: The name of the portable service.
-  The generated image will be named according to the template `$pname_$version.raw`, which is supported by the Portable Services specification.
-
-`version` (String)
-
-: The version of the portable service.
-  The generated image will be named according to the template `$pname_$version.raw`, which is supported by the Portable Services specification.
-
-`units` (List of Attribute Set)
-
-: A list of derivations for systemd unit files.
-  Each derivation must produce a single file, and must have a name that starts with the value of `pname` and ends with the suffix of the unit type (e.g. ".service", ".socket", ".timer", and so on).
-  See [](#ex-portableService-hello) to better understand this naming constraint.
-
-`description` (String or Null; _optional_)
-
-: If specified, the value is added as `PORTABLE_PRETTY_NAME` to the `/etc/os-release` file in the generated image.
-  This could be used to provide more information to anyone inspecting the image.
-
-  _Default value:_ `null`.
-
-`homepage` (String or Null; _optional_)
-
-: If specified, the value is added as `HOME_URL` to the `/etc/os-release` file in the generated image.
-  This could be used to provide more information to anyone inspecting the image.
-
-  _Default value:_ `null`.
-
-`symlinks` (List of Attribute Set; _optional_)
-
-: A list of attribute sets in the format `{object, symlink}`.
-  For each item in the list, `portableService` will create a symlink in the path specified by `symlink` (relative to the root of the image) that points to `object`.
-
-  All packages that `object` depends on and their dependencies are automatically copied into the image.
-
-  This can be used to create symlinks for applications that assume some files to exist globally (`/etc/ssl` or `/bin/bash`, for example).
-  See [](#ex-portableService-symlinks) to understand how to do that.
-
-  _Default value:_ `[]`.
-
-`contents` (List of Attribute Set; _optional_)
-
-: A list of additional derivations to be included as-is in the image.
-  These derivations will be included directly in a `/nix/store` directory inside the image.
-
-  _Default value:_ `[]`.
-
-`squashfsTools` (Attribute Set; _optional_)
-
-: Allows you to override the package that provides {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `pkgs.squashfsTools`.
-
-`squash-compression` (String; _optional_)
-
-: Passed as the compression option to {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `"xz -Xdict-size 100%"`.
-
-`squash-block-size` (String; _optional_)
-
-: Passed as the block size option to {manpage}`mksquashfs(1)`, which is used internally by `portableService`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `"1M"`.
-
-## Examples {#ssec-pkgs-portableService-examples}
-
-[]{#ex-pkgs-portableService}
-:::{.example #ex-portableService-hello}
-# Building a Portable Service image
-
-The following example builds a Portable Service image with the `hello` package, along with a service unit that runs it.
-
-```nix
-{ lib, writeText, portableService, hello }:
-let
-  hello-service = writeText "hello.service" ''
-    [Unit]
-    Description=Hello world service
-
-    [Service]
-    Type=oneshot
-    ExecStart=${lib.getExe hello}
-  '';
-in
-portableService {
-  pname = "hello";
-  inherit (hello) version;
-  units = [ hello-service ];
-}
-```
-
-After building the package, the generated image can be loaded into a system through {manpage}`portablectl(1)`:
-
-```shell
-$ nix-build
-(some output removed for clarity)
-/nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1
-
-$ portablectl attach /nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1/hello_2.12.1.raw
-Created directory /etc/systemd/system.attached.
-Created directory /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d.
-Written /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/20-portable.conf.
-Created symlink /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/10-profile.conf → /usr/lib/systemd/portable/profile/default/service.conf.
-Copied /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.
-Created symlink /etc/portables/hello_2.12.1.raw → /nix/store/8c20z1vh7z8w8dwagl8w87b45dn5k6iq-hello-img-2.12.1/hello_2.12.1.raw.
-
-$ systemctl start hello
-$ journalctl -u hello
-Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: Starting Hello world service...
-Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname hello[102887]: Hello, world!
-Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: hello.service: Deactivated successfully.
-Feb 28 22:39:16 hostname systemd[1]: Finished Hello world service.
-
-$ portablectl detach hello_2.12.1
-Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.
-Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/10-profile.conf.
-Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d/20-portable.conf.
-Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached/hello.service.d.
-Removed /etc/portables/hello_2.12.1.raw.
-Removed /etc/systemd/system.attached.
-```
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-portableService-symlinks}
-# Specifying symlinks when building a Portable Service image
-
-Some services may expect files or directories to be available globally.
-An example is a service which expects all trusted SSL certificates to exist in a specific location by default.
-
-To make things available globally, you must specify the `symlinks` attribute when using `portableService`.
-The following package builds on the package from [](#ex-portableService-hello) to make `/etc/ssl` available globally (this is only for illustrative purposes, because `hello` doesn't use `/etc/ssl`).
-
-```nix
-{ lib, writeText, portableService, hello, cacert }:
-let
-  hello-service = writeText "hello.service" ''
-    [Unit]
-    Description=Hello world service
-
-    [Service]
-    Type=oneshot
-    ExecStart=${lib.getExe hello}
-  '';
-in
-portableService {
-  pname = "hello";
-  inherit (hello) version;
-  units = [ hello-service ];
-  symlinks = [
-    { object = "${cacert}/etc/ssl"; symlink = "/etc/ssl"; }
-  ];
-}
-```
-:::

doc/build-helpers/special.md

@@ -1,12 +0,0 @@
-# Special build helpers {#chap-special}
-
-This chapter describes several special build helpers.
-
-```{=include=} sections
-special/fakenss.section.md
-special/fhs-environments.section.md
-special/makesetuphook.section.md
-special/mkshell.section.md
-special/vm-tools.section.md
-special/checkpoint-build.section.md
-```

doc/build-helpers/special/checkpoint-build.section.md

@@ -1,39 +0,0 @@
-# pkgs.checkpointBuildTools  {#sec-checkpoint-build}
-
-`pkgs.checkpointBuildTools` provides a way to build derivations incrementally. It consists of two functions to make checkpoint builds using Nix possible.
-
-For hermeticity, Nix derivations do not allow any state to be carried over between builds, making a transparent incremental build within a derivation impossible.
-
-However, we can tell Nix explicitly what the previous build state was, by representing that previous state as a derivation output. This allows the passed build state to be used for an incremental build.
-
-To change a normal derivation to a checkpoint based build, these steps must be taken:
-  - apply `prepareCheckpointBuild` on the desired derivation, e.g.
-```nix
-checkpointArtifacts = (pkgs.checkpointBuildTools.prepareCheckpointBuild pkgs.virtualbox);
-```
-  - change something you want in the sources of the package, e.g. use a source override:
-```nix
-changedVBox = pkgs.virtualbox.overrideAttrs (old: {
-  src = path/to/vbox/sources;
-});
-```
-  - use `mkCheckpointBuild changedVBox checkpointArtifacts`
-  - enjoy shorter build times
-
-## Example {#sec-checkpoint-build-example}
-```nix
-{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {} }:
-let
-  inherit (pkgs.checkpointBuildTools)
-    prepareCheckpointBuild
-    mkCheckpointBuild
-    ;
-  helloCheckpoint = prepareCheckpointBuild pkgs.hello;
-  changedHello = pkgs.hello.overrideAttrs (_: {
-    doCheck = false;
-    patchPhase = ''
-      sed -i 's/Hello, world!/Hello, Nix!/g' src/hello.c
-    '';
-  });
-in mkCheckpointBuild changedHello helloCheckpoint
-```

doc/build-helpers/special/fakenss.section.md

@@ -1,77 +0,0 @@
-# fakeNss {#sec-fakeNss}
-
-Provides `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group` files that contain `root` and `nobody`, allowing user/group lookups to work in binaries that insist on doing those.
-This might be a better choice than a custom script running `useradd` and related utilities if you only need those files to exist with some entries.
-
-`fakeNss` also provides `/etc/nsswitch.conf`, configuring NSS host resolution to first check `/etc/hosts` before checking DNS, since the default in the absence of a config file (`dns [!UNAVAIL=return] files`) is quite unexpected.
-
-It also creates an empty directory at `/var/empty` because it uses that as the home directory for the `root` and `nobody` users.
-The `/var/empty` directory can also be used as a `chroot` target to prevent file access in processes that do not need to access files, if your container runs such processes.
-
-The user entries created by `fakeNss` use the `/bin/sh` shell, which is not provided by `fakeNss` because in most cases it won't be used.
-If you need that to be available, see [`dockerTools.binSh`](#sssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers-binSh) or provide your own.
-
-## Inputs {#sec-fakeNss-inputs}
-
-`fakeNss` is made available in Nixpkgs as a package rather than a function, but it has two attributes that can be overridden and might be useful in particular cases.
-For more details on how overriding works, see [](#ex-fakeNss-overriding) and [](#sec-pkg-override).
-
-`extraPasswdLines` (List of Strings; _optional_)
-
-: A list of lines that will be added to `/etc/passwd`.
-  Useful if extra users need to exist in the output of `fakeNss`.
-  If `extraPasswdLines` is specified, it will **not** override the `root` and `nobody` entries created by `fakeNss`.
-  Those entries will always exist.
-
-  Lines specified here must follow the format in {manpage}`passwd(5)`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `[]`.
-
-`extraGroupLines` (List of Strings; _optional_)
-
-: A list of lines that will be added to `/etc/group`.
-  Useful if extra groups need to exist in the output of `fakeNss`.
-  If `extraGroupLines` is specified, it will **not** override the `root` and `nobody` entries created by `fakeNss`.
-  Those entries will always exist.
-
-  Lines specified here must follow the format in {manpage}`group(5)`.
-
-  _Default value:_ `[]`.
-
-## Examples {#sec-fakeNss-examples}
-
-:::{.example #ex-fakeNss-dockerTools-buildImage}
-# Using `fakeNss` with `dockerTools.buildImage`
-
-This example shows how to use `fakeNss` as-is.
-It is useful with functions in `dockerTools` to allow building Docker images that have the `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group` files.
-This example includes the `hello` binary in the image so it can do something besides just have the extra files.
-
-```nix
-{ dockerTools, fakeNss, hello }:
-dockerTools.buildImage {
-  name = "image-with-passwd";
-  tag = "latest";
-
-  copyToRoot = [ fakeNss hello ];
-
-  config = {
-    Cmd = [ "/bin/hello" ];
-  };
-}
-```
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-fakeNss-overriding}
-# Using `fakeNss` with an override to add extra lines
-
-The following code uses `override` to add extra lines to `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group` to create another user and group entry.
-
-```nix
-{ fakeNss }:
-fakeNss.override {
-  extraPasswdLines = ["newuser:x:9001:9001:new user:/var/empty:/bin/sh"];
-  extraGroupLines = ["newuser:x:9001:"];
-}
-```
-:::

doc/build-helpers/testers.chapter.md

@@ -1,270 +0,0 @@
-# Testers {#chap-testers}
-
-This chapter describes several testing builders which are available in the `testers` namespace.
-
-## `hasPkgConfigModules` {#tester-hasPkgConfigModules}
-
-<!-- Old anchor name so links still work -->
-[]{#tester-hasPkgConfigModule}
-Checks whether a package exposes a given list of `pkg-config` modules.
-If the `moduleNames` argument is omitted, `hasPkgConfigModules` will use `meta.pkgConfigModules`.
-
-:::{.example #ex-haspkgconfigmodules-defaultvalues}
-
-# Check that `pkg-config` modules are exposed using default values
-
-```nix
-passthru.tests.pkg-config = testers.hasPkgConfigModules {
-  package = finalAttrs.finalPackage;
-};
-
-meta.pkgConfigModules = [ "libfoo" ];
-```
-
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-haspkgconfigmodules-explicitmodules}
-
-# Check that `pkg-config` modules are exposed using explicit module names
-
-```nix
-passthru.tests.pkg-config = testers.hasPkgConfigModules {
-  package = finalAttrs.finalPackage;
-  moduleNames = [ "libfoo" ];
-};
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `testVersion` {#tester-testVersion}
-
-Checks that the output from running a command contains the specified version string in it as a whole word.
-
-Although simplistic, this test assures that the main program can run.
-While there's no substitute for a real test case, it does catch dynamic linking errors and such.
-It also provides some protection against accidentally building the wrong version, for example when using an "old" hash in a fixed-output derivation.
-
-By default, the command to be run will be inferred from the given `package` attribute:
-it will check `meta.mainProgram` first, and fall back to `pname` or `name`.
-The default argument to the command is `--version`, and the version to be checked will be inferred from the given `package` attribute as well.
-
-:::{.example #ex-testversion-hello}
-
-# Check a program version using all the default values
-
-This example will run the command `hello --version`, and then check that the version of the `hello` package is in the output of the command.
-
-```nix
-passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion { package = hello; };
-```
-
-:::
-
-:::{.example #ex-testversion-different-commandversion}
-
-# Check the program version using a specified command and expected version string
-
-This example will run the command `leetcode -V`, and then check that `leetcode 0.4.2` is in the output of the command as a whole word (separated by whitespaces).
-This means that an output like "leetcode 0.4.21" would fail the tests, and an output like "You're running leetcode 0.4.2" would pass the tests.
-
-A common usage of the `version` attribute is to specify `version = "v${version}"`.
-
-```nix
-version = "0.4.2";
-
-passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion {
-  package = leetcode-cli;
-  command = "leetcode -V";
-  version = "leetcode ${version}";
-};
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `testBuildFailure` {#tester-testBuildFailure}
-
-Make sure that a build does not succeed. This is useful for testing testers.
-
-This returns a derivation with an override on the builder, with the following effects:
-
- - Fail the build when the original builder succeeds
- - Move `$out` to `$out/result`, if it exists (assuming `out` is the default output)
- - Save the build log to `$out/testBuildFailure.log` (same)
-
-While `testBuildFailure` is designed to keep changes to the original builder's environment to a minimum, some small changes are inevitable:
-
- - The file `$TMPDIR/testBuildFailure.log` is present. It should not be deleted.
- - `stdout` and `stderr` are a pipe instead of a tty. This could be improved.
- - One or two extra processes are present in the sandbox during the original builder's execution.
- - The derivation and output hashes are different, but not unusual.
- - The derivation includes a dependency on `buildPackages.bash` and `expect-failure.sh`, which is built to include a transitive dependency on `buildPackages.coreutils` and possibly more.
-   These are not added to `PATH` or any other environment variable, so they should be hard to observe.
-
-:::{.example #ex-testBuildFailure-showingenvironmentchanges}
-
-# Check that a build fails, and verify the changes made during build
-
-```nix
-runCommand "example" {
-  failed = testers.testBuildFailure (runCommand "fail" {} ''
-    echo ok-ish >$out
-    echo failing though
-    exit 3
-  '');
-} ''
-  grep -F 'ok-ish' $failed/result
-  grep -F 'failing though' $failed/testBuildFailure.log
-  [[ 3 = $(cat $failed/testBuildFailure.exit) ]]
-  touch $out
-'';
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `testEqualContents` {#tester-equalContents}
-
-Check that two paths have the same contents.
-
-:::{.example #ex-testEqualContents-toyexample}
-
-# Check that two paths have the same contents
-
-```nix
-testers.testEqualContents {
-  assertion = "sed -e performs replacement";
-  expected = writeText "expected" ''
-    foo baz baz
-  '';
-  actual = runCommand "actual" {
-    # not really necessary for a package that's in stdenv
-    nativeBuildInputs = [ gnused ];
-    base = writeText "base" ''
-      foo bar baz
-    '';
-  } ''
-    sed -e 's/bar/baz/g' $base >$out
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `testEqualDerivation` {#tester-testEqualDerivation}
-
-Checks that two packages produce the exact same build instructions.
-
-This can be used to make sure that a certain difference of configuration, such as the presence of an overlay does not cause a cache miss.
-
-When the derivations are equal, the return value is an empty file.
-Otherwise, the build log explains the difference via `nix-diff`.
-
-:::{.example #ex-testEqualDerivation-hello}
-
-# Check that two packages produce the same derivation
-
-```nix
-testers.testEqualDerivation
-  "The hello package must stay the same when enabling checks."
-  hello
-  (hello.overrideAttrs(o: { doCheck = true; }))
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `invalidateFetcherByDrvHash` {#tester-invalidateFetcherByDrvHash}
-
-Use the derivation hash to invalidate the output via name, for testing.
-
-Type: `(a@{ name, ... } -> Derivation) -> a -> Derivation`
-
-Normally, fixed output derivations can and should be cached by their output hash only, but for testing we want to re-fetch everytime the fetcher changes.
-
-Changes to the fetcher become apparent in the drvPath, which is a hash of how to fetch, rather than a fixed store path.
-By inserting this hash into the name, we can make sure to re-run the fetcher every time the fetcher changes.
-
-This relies on the assumption that Nix isn't clever enough to reuse its database of local store contents to optimize fetching.
-
-You might notice that the "salted" name derives from the normal invocation, not the final derivation.
-`invalidateFetcherByDrvHash` has to invoke the fetcher function twice:
-once to get a derivation hash, and again to produce the final fixed output derivation.
-
-:::{.example #ex-invalidateFetcherByDrvHash-nix}
-
-# Prevent nix from reusing the output of a fetcher
-
-```nix
-tests.fetchgit = testers.invalidateFetcherByDrvHash fetchgit {
-  name = "nix-source";
-  url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix";
-  rev = "9d9dbe6ed05854e03811c361a3380e09183f4f4a";
-  hash = "sha256-7DszvbCNTjpzGRmpIVAWXk20P0/XTrWZ79KSOGLrUWY=";
-};
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `runNixOSTest` {#tester-runNixOSTest}
-
-A helper function that behaves exactly like the NixOS `runTest`, except it also assigns this Nixpkgs package set as the `pkgs` of the test and makes the `nixpkgs.*` options read-only.
-
-If your test is part of the Nixpkgs repository, or if you need a more general entrypoint, see ["Calling a test" in the NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-calling-nixos-tests).
-
-:::{.example #ex-runNixOSTest-hello}
-
-# Run a NixOS test using `runNixOSTest`
-
-```nix
-pkgs.testers.runNixOSTest ({ lib, ... }: {
-  name = "hello";
-  nodes.machine = { pkgs, ... }: {
-    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.hello ];
-  };
-  testScript = ''
-    machine.succeed("hello")
-  '';
-})
-```
-
-:::
-
-## `nixosTest` {#tester-nixosTest}
-
-Run a NixOS VM network test using this evaluation of Nixpkgs.
-
-NOTE: This function is primarily for external use. NixOS itself uses `make-test-python.nix` directly. Packages defined in Nixpkgs [reuse NixOS tests via `nixosTests`, plural](#ssec-nixos-tests-linking).
-
-It is mostly equivalent to the function `import ./make-test-python.nix` from the [NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/index.html#sec-nixos-tests), except that the current application of Nixpkgs (`pkgs`) will be used, instead of letting NixOS invoke Nixpkgs anew.
-
-If a test machine needs to set NixOS options under `nixpkgs`, it must set only the `nixpkgs.pkgs` option.
-
-### Parameter {#tester-nixosTest-parameter}
-
-A [NixOS VM test network](https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/index.html#sec-nixos-tests), or path to it. Example:
-
-```nix
-{
-  name = "my-test";
-  nodes = {
-    machine1 = { lib, pkgs, nodes, ... }: {
-      environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.hello ];
-      services.foo.enable = true;
-    };
-    # machine2 = ...;
-  };
-  testScript = ''
-    start_all()
-    machine1.wait_for_unit("foo.service")
-    machine1.succeed("hello | foo-send")
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-### Result {#tester-nixosTest-result}
-
-A derivation that runs the VM test.
-
-Notable attributes:
-
- * `nodes`: the evaluated NixOS configurations. Useful for debugging and exploring the configuration.
-
- * `driverInteractive`: a script that launches an interactive Python session in the context of the `testScript`.

doc/build-helpers/trivial-build-helpers.chapter.md

@@ -1,708 +0,0 @@
-# Trivial build helpers {#chap-trivial-builders}
-
-Nixpkgs provides a variety of wrapper functions that help build commonly useful derivations.
-Like [`stdenv.mkDerivation`](#sec-using-stdenv), each of these build helpers creates a derivation, but the arguments passed are different (usually simpler) from those required by `stdenv.mkDerivation`.
-
-## `runCommand` {#trivial-builder-runCommand}
-
-`runCommand :: String -> AttrSet -> String -> Derivation`
-
-The result of `runCommand name drvAttrs buildCommand` is a derivation that is built by running the specified shell commands.
-
-By default `runCommand` runs in a stdenv with no compiler environment, whereas [`runCommandCC`](#trivial-builder-runCommandCC) uses the default stdenv, `pkgs.stdenv`.
-
-`name :: String`
-:   The name that Nix will append to the store path in the same way that `stdenv.mkDerivation` uses its `name` attribute.
-
-`drvAttr :: AttrSet`
-:   Attributes to pass to the underlying call to [`stdenv.mkDerivation`](#chap-stdenv).
-
-`buildCommand :: String`
-:   Shell commands to run in the derivation builder.
-
-    ::: {.note}
-    You have to create a file or directory `$out` for Nix to be able to run the builder successfully.
-    :::
-
-::: {.example #ex-runcommand-simple}
-# Invocation of `runCommand`
-
-```nix
-(import <nixpkgs> {}).runCommand "my-example" {} ''
-  echo My example command is running
-
-  mkdir $out
-
-  echo I can write data to the Nix store > $out/message
-
-  echo I can also run basic commands like:
-
-  echo ls
-  ls
-
-  echo whoami
-  whoami
-
-  echo date
-  date
-''
-```
-:::
-
-## `runCommandCC` {#trivial-builder-runCommandCC}
-
-This works just like `runCommand`. The only difference is that it also provides a C compiler in `buildCommand`'s environment. To minimize your dependencies, you should only use this if you are sure you will need a C compiler as part of running your command.
-
-## `runCommandLocal` {#trivial-builder-runCommandLocal}
-
-Variant of `runCommand` that forces the derivation to be built locally, it is not substituted. This is intended for very cheap commands (<1s execution time). It saves on the network round-trip and can speed up a build.
-
-::: {.note}
-This sets [`allowSubstitutes` to `false`](https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes), so only use `runCommandLocal` if you are certain the user will always have a builder for the `system` of the derivation. This should be true for most trivial use cases (e.g., just copying some files to a different location or adding symlinks) because there the `system` is usually the same as `builtins.currentSystem`.
-:::
-
-## Writing text files {#trivial-builder-text-writing}
-
-Nixpkgs provides the following functions for producing derivations which write text files or executable scripts into the Nix store.
-They are useful for creating files from Nix expression, and are all implemented as convenience wrappers around `writeTextFile`.
-
-Each of these functions will cause a derivation to be produced.
-When you coerce the result of each of these functions to a string with [string interpolation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/string-interpolation) or [`builtins.toString`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/builtins#builtins-toString), it will evaluate to the [store path](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/store/store-path) of this derivation.
-
-:::: {.note}
-Some of these functions will put the resulting files within a directory inside the [derivation output](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/derivations#attr-outputs).
-If you need to refer to the resulting files somewhere else in a Nix expression, append their path to the derivation's store path.
-
-For example, if the file destination is a directory:
-
-```nix
-my-file = writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  text = ''
-    Contents of File
-  '';
-  destination = "/share/my-file";
-}
-```
-
-Remember to append "/share/my-file" to the resulting store path when using it elsewhere:
-
-```nix
-writeShellScript "evaluate-my-file.sh" ''
-  cat ${my-file}/share/my-file
-'';
-```
-::::
-
-### `makeDesktopItem` {#trivial-builder-makeDesktopItem}
-
-Write an [XDG desktop file](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/1.4/) to the Nix store.
-
-This function is usually used to add desktop items to a package through the `copyDesktopItems` hook.
-
-`makeDesktopItem` adheres to version 1.4 of the specification.
-
-#### Inputs {#trivial-builder-makeDesktopItem-inputs}
-
-`makeDesktopItem` takes an attribute set that accepts most values from the [XDG specification](https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/1.4/ar01s06.html).
-
-All recognised keys from the specification are supported with the exception of the "Hidden" field. The keys are converted into camelCase format, but correspond 1:1 to their equivalent in the specification: `genericName`, `noDisplay`, `comment`, `icon`, `onlyShowIn`, `notShowIn`, `dbusActivatable`, `tryExec`, `exec`, `path`, `terminal`, `mimeTypes`, `categories`, `implements`, `keywords`, `startupNotify`, `startupWMClass`, `url`, `prefersNonDefaultGPU`.
-
-The "Version" field is hardcoded to the version `makeDesktopItem` currently adheres to.
-
-The following fields are either required, are of a different type than in the specification, carry specific default values, or are additional fields supported by `makeDesktopItem`:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name of the desktop file in the Nix store.
-
-`type` (String; _optional_)
-
-: Default value: `"Application"`
-
-`desktopName` (String)
-
-: Corresponds to the "Name" field of the specification.
-
-`actions` (List of Attribute set; _optional_)
-
-: A list of attribute sets {name, exec?, icon?}
-
-`extraConfig` (Attribute set; _optional_)
-
-: Additional key/value pairs to be added verbatim to the desktop file. Attributes need to be prefixed with 'X-'.
-
-#### Examples {#trivial-builder-makeDesktopItem-examples}
-
-::: {.example #ex-makeDesktopItem}
-# Usage 1 of `makeDesktopItem`
-
-Write a desktop file `/nix/store/<store path>/my-program.desktop` to the Nix store.
-
-```nix
-{makeDesktopItem}:
-makeDesktopItem {
-  name = "my-program";
-  desktopName = "My Program";
-  genericName = "Video Player";
-  noDisplay = false;
-  comment = "Cool video player";
-  icon = "/path/to/icon";
-  onlyShowIn = [ "KDE" ];
-  dbusActivatable = true;
-  tryExec = "my-program";
-  exec = "my-program --someflag";
-  path = "/some/working/path";
-  terminal = false;
-  actions.example = {
-    name = "New Window";
-    exec = "my-program --new-window";
-    icon = "/some/icon";
-  };
-  mimeTypes = [ "video/mp4" ];
-  categories = [ "Utility" ];
-  implements = [ "org.my-program" ];
-  keywords = [ "Video" "Player" ];
-  startupNotify = false;
-  startupWMClass = "MyProgram";
-  prefersNonDefaultGPU = false;
-  extraConfig.X-SomeExtension = "somevalue";
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-::: {.example #ex2-makeDesktopItem}
-# Usage 2 of `makeDesktopItem`
-
-Override the `hello` package to add a desktop item.
-
-```nix
-{ copyDesktopItems
-, hello
-, makeDesktopItem }:
-
-hello.overrideAttrs {
-  nativeBuildInputs = [ copyDesktopItems ];
-
-  desktopItems = [(makeDesktopItem {
-    name = "hello";
-    desktopName = "Hello";
-    exec = "hello";
-  })];
-}
-```
-
-:::
-
-### `writeTextFile` {#trivial-builder-writeTextFile}
-
-Write a text file to the Nix store.
-
-`writeTextFile` takes an attribute set with the following possible attributes:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: Corresponds to the name used in the Nix store path identifier.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-`executable` (Bool, _optional_)
-
-: Make this file have the executable bit set.
-
-  Default: `false`
-
-`destination` (String, _optional_)
-
-: A subpath under the derivation's output path into which to put the file.
-  Subdirectories are created automatically when the derivation is realised.
-
-  By default, the store path itself will be a file containing the text contents.
-
-  Default: `""`
-
-`checkPhase` (String, _optional_)
-
-: Commands to run after generating the file.
-
-  Default: `""`
-
-`meta` (Attribute set, _optional_)
-
-: Additional metadata for the derivation.
-
-  Default: `{}`
-
-`allowSubstitutes` (Bool, _optional_)
-
-: Whether to allow substituting from a binary cache.
-  Passed through to [`allowSubsitutes`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/advanced-attributes#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes) of the underlying call to `builtins.derivation`.
-
-  It defaults to `false`, as running the derivation's simple `builder` executable locally is assumed to be faster than network operations.
-  Set it to true if the `checkPhase` step is expensive.
-
-  Default: `false`
-
-`preferLocalBuild` (Bool, _optional_)
-
-: Whether to prefer building locally, even if faster [remote build machines](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/conf-file#conf-substituters) are available.
-
-  Passed through to [`preferLocalBuild`](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/language/advanced-attributes#adv-attr-preferLocalBuild) of the underlying call to `builtins.derivation`.
-
-  It defaults to `true` for the same reason `allowSubstitutes` defaults to `false`.
-
-  Default: `true`
-
-`derivationArgs` (Attribute set, _optional_)
-
-: Extra arguments to pass to the underlying call to `stdenv.mkDerivation`.
-
-  Default: `{}`
-
-The resulting store path will include some variation of the name, and it will be a file unless `destination` is used, in which case it will be a directory.
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeTextFile}
-# Usage 1 of `writeTextFile`
-
-Write `my-file` to `/nix/store/<store path>/some/subpath/my-cool-script`, making it executable.
-Also run a check on the resulting file in a `checkPhase`, and supply values for the less-used options.
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-cool-script";
-  text = ''
-    #!/bin/sh
-    echo "This is my cool script!"
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-  destination = "/some/subpath/my-cool-script";
-  checkPhase = ''
-    ${pkgs.shellcheck}/bin/shellcheck $out/some/subpath/my-cool-script
-  '';
-  meta = {
-    license = pkgs.lib.licenses.cc0;
-  };
-  allowSubstitutes = true;
-  preferLocalBuild = false;
-};
-```
-:::
-
-::: {.example #ex2-writeTextFile}
-# Usage 2 of `writeTextFile`
-
-Write the string `Contents of File` to `/nix/store/<store path>`.
-See also the [](#trivial-builder-writeText) helper function.
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  text = ''
-    Contents of File
-  '';
-}
-```
-:::
-
-::: {.example #ex3-writeTextFile}
-# Usage 3 of `writeTextFile`
-
-Write an executable script `my-script` to `/nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-script`.
-See also the [](#trivial-builder-writeScriptBin) helper function.
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-script";
-  text = ''
-    echo "hi"
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-  destination = "/bin/my-script";
-}
-```
-:::
-
-### `writeText` {#trivial-builder-writeText}
-
-Write a text file to the Nix store
-
-`writeText` takes the following arguments:
-a string.
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name used in the Nix store path.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The store path will include the name, and it will be a file.
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeText}
-# Usage of `writeText`
-
-Write the string `Contents of File` to `/nix/store/<store path>`:
-
-```nix
-writeText "my-file"
-  ''
-  Contents of File
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  text = ''
-    Contents of File
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-### `writeTextDir` {#trivial-builder-writeTextDir}
-
-Write a text file within a subdirectory of the Nix store.
-
-`writeTextDir` takes the following arguments:
-
-`path` (String)
-
-: The destination within the Nix store path under which to create the file.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The store path will be a directory.
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeTextDir}
-# Usage of `writeTextDir`
-
-Write the string `Contents of File` to `/nix/store/<store path>/share/my-file`:
-
-```nix
-writeTextDir "share/my-file"
-  ''
-  Contents of File
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  text = ''
-    Contents of File
-  '';
-  destination = "share/my-file";
-}
-```
-
-### `writeScript` {#trivial-builder-writeScript}
-
-Write an executable script file to the Nix store.
-
-`writeScript` takes the following arguments:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name used in the Nix store path.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The created file is marked as executable.
-The store path will include the name, and it will be a file.
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeScript}
-# Usage of `writeScript`
-
-Write the string `Contents of File` to `/nix/store/<store path>` and make the file executable.
-
-```nix
-writeScript "my-file"
-  ''
-  Contents of File
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  text = ''
-    Contents of File
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-}
-```
-
-### `writeScriptBin` {#trivial-builder-writeScriptBin}
-
-Write a script within a `bin` subirectory of a directory in the Nix store.
-This is for consistency with the convention of software packages placing executables under `bin`.
-
-`writeScriptBin` takes the following arguments:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name used in the Nix store path and within the file created under the store path.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The created file is marked as executable.
-The file's contents will be put into `/nix/store/<store path>/bin/<name>`.
-The store path will include the the name, and it will be a directory.
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeScriptBin}
-# Usage of `writeScriptBin`
-
-```nix
-writeScriptBin "my-script"
-  ''
-  echo "hi"
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-script";
-  text = ''
-    echo "hi"
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-  destination = "bin/my-script";
-}
-```
-
-### `writeShellScript` {#trivial-builder-writeShellScript}
-
-Write a Bash script to the store.
-
-`writeShellScript` takes the following arguments:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name used in the Nix store path.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The created file is marked as executable.
-The store path will include the name, and it will be a file.
-
-This function is almost exactly like [](#trivial-builder-writeScript), except that it prepends to the file a [shebang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shebang_%28Unix%29) line that points to the version of Bash used in Nixpkgs.
-<!-- this cannot be changed in practice, so there is no point pretending it's somehow generic -->
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeShellScript}
-# Usage of `writeShellScript`
-
-```nix
-writeShellScript "my-script"
-  ''
-  echo "hi"
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-script";
-  text = ''
-    #! ${pkgs.runtimeShell}
-    echo "hi"
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-}
-```
-
-### `writeShellScriptBin` {#trivial-builder-writeShellScriptBin}
-
-Write a Bash script to a "bin" subdirectory of a directory in the Nix store.
-
-`writeShellScriptBin` takes the following arguments:
-
-`name` (String)
-
-: The name used in the Nix store path and within the file generated under the store path.
-
-`text` (String)
-
-: The contents of the file.
-
-The file's contents will be put into `/nix/store/<store path>/bin/<name>`.
-The store path will include the the name, and it will be a directory.
-
-This function is a combination of [](#trivial-builder-writeShellScript) and [](#trivial-builder-writeScriptBin).
-
-::: {.example #ex-writeShellScriptBin}
-# Usage of `writeShellScriptBin`
-
-```nix
-writeShellScriptBin "my-script"
-  ''
-  echo "hi"
-  '';
-```
-:::
-
-This is equivalent to:
-
-```nix
-writeTextFile {
-  name = "my-script";
-  text = ''
-    #! ${pkgs.runtimeShell}
-    echo "hi"
-  '';
-  executable = true;
-  destination = "bin/my-script";
-}
-```
-
-## `concatTextFile`, `concatText`, `concatScript` {#trivial-builder-concatText}
-
-These functions concatenate `files` to the Nix store in a single file. This is useful for configuration files structured in lines of text. `concatTextFile` takes an attribute set and expects two arguments, `name` and `files`. `name` corresponds to the name used in the Nix store path. `files` will be the files to be concatenated. You can also set `executable` to true to make this file have the executable bit set.
-`concatText` and`concatScript` are simple wrappers over `concatTextFile`.
-
-Here are a few examples:
-```nix
-
-# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path>
-concatTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  files = [ drv1 "${drv2}/path/to/file" ];
-}
-# See also the `concatText` helper function below.
-
-# Writes executable my-file to /nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-file
-concatTextFile {
-  name = "my-file";
-  files = [ drv1 "${drv2}/path/to/file" ];
-  executable = true;
-  destination = "/bin/my-file";
-}
-# Writes contents of files to /nix/store/<store path>
-concatText "my-file" [ file1 file2 ]
-
-# Writes contents of files to /nix/store/<store path>
-concatScript "my-file" [ file1 file2 ]
-```
-
-## `writeShellApplication` {#trivial-builder-writeShellApplication}
-
-`writeShellApplication` is similar to `writeShellScriptBin` and `writeScriptBin` but supports runtime dependencies with `runtimeInputs`.
-Writes an executable shell script to `/nix/store/<store path>/bin/<name>` and checks its syntax with [`shellcheck`](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck) and the `bash`'s `-n` option.
-Some basic Bash options are set by default (`errexit`, `nounset`, and `pipefail`), but can be overridden with `bashOptions`.
-
-Extra arguments may be passed to `stdenv.mkDerivation` by setting `derivationArgs`; note that variables set in this manner will be set when the shell script is _built,_ not when it's run.
-Runtime environment variables can be set with the `runtimeEnv` argument.
-
-For example, the following shell application can refer to `curl` directly, rather than needing to write `${curl}/bin/curl`:
-
-```nix
-writeShellApplication {
-  name = "show-nixos-org";
-
-  runtimeInputs = [ curl w3m ];
-
-  text = ''
-    curl -s 'https://nixos.org' | w3m -dump -T text/html
-  '';
-}
-```
-
-## `symlinkJoin` {#trivial-builder-symlinkJoin}
-
-This can be used to put many derivations into the same directory structure. It works by creating a new derivation and adding symlinks to each of the paths listed. It expects two arguments, `name`, and `paths`. `name` is the name used in the Nix store path for the created derivation. `paths` is a list of paths that will be symlinked. These paths can be to Nix store derivations or any other subdirectory contained within.
-Here is an example:
-```nix
-# adds symlinks of hello and stack to current build and prints "links added"
-symlinkJoin { name = "myexample"; paths = [ pkgs.hello pkgs.stack ]; postBuild = "echo links added"; }
-```
-This creates a derivation with a directory structure like the following:
-```
-/nix/store/sglsr5g079a5235hy29da3mq3hv8sjmm-myexample
-|-- bin
-|   |-- hello -> /nix/store/qy93dp4a3rqyn2mz63fbxjg228hffwyw-hello-2.10/bin/hello
-|   `-- stack -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/bin/stack
-`-- share
-    |-- bash-completion
-    |   `-- completions
-    |       `-- stack -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/share/bash-completion/completions/stack
-    |-- fish
-    |   `-- vendor_completions.d
-    |       `-- stack.fish -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/stack.fish
-...
-```
-
-## `writeReferencesToFile` {#trivial-builder-writeReferencesToFile}
-
-Deprecated. Use [`writeClosure`](#trivial-builder-writeClosure) instead.
-
-## `writeClosure` {#trivial-builder-writeClosure}
-
-Given a list of [store paths](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/glossary#gloss-store-path) (or string-like expressions coercible to store paths), write their collective [closure](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/glossary#gloss-closure) to a text file.
-
-The result is equivalent to the output of `nix-store -q --requisites`.
-
-For example,
-
-```nix
-writeClosure [ (writeScriptBin "hi" ''${hello}/bin/hello'') ]
-```
-
-produces an output path `/nix/store/<hash>-runtime-deps` containing
-
-```nix
-/nix/store/<hash>-hello-2.10
-/nix/store/<hash>-hi
-/nix/store/<hash>-libidn2-2.3.0
-/nix/store/<hash>-libunistring-0.9.10
-/nix/store/<hash>-glibc-2.32-40
-```
-
-You can see that this includes `hi`, the original input path,
-`hello`, which is a direct reference, but also
-the other paths that are indirectly required to run `hello`.
-
-## `writeDirectReferencesToFile` {#trivial-builder-writeDirectReferencesToFile}
-
-Writes the set of references to the output file, that is, their immediate dependencies.
-
-This produces the equivalent of `nix-store -q --references`.
-
-For example,
-
-```nix
-writeDirectReferencesToFile (writeScriptBin "hi" ''${hello}/bin/hello'')
-```
-
-produces an output path `/nix/store/<hash>-runtime-references` containing
-
-```nix
-/nix/store/<hash>-hello-2.10
-```
-
-but none of `hello`'s dependencies because those are not referenced directly
-by `hi`'s output.

doc/builders/fetchers.chapter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+# Fetchers {#chap-pkgs-fetchers}
+
+Building software with Nix often requires downloading source code and other files from the internet.
+`nixpkgs` provides *fetchers* for different protocols and services. Fetchers are functions that simplify downloading files.
+
+## Caveats {#chap-pkgs-fetchers-caveats}
+
+Fetchers create [fixed output derivations](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/#fixed-output-drvs) from downloaded files.
+Nix can reuse the downloaded files via the hash of the resulting derivation.
+
+The fact that the hash belongs to the Nix derivation output and not the file itself can lead to confusion.
+For example, consider the following fetcher:
+
+```nix
+fetchurl {
+  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.0.tar.gz";
+  hash = "sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=";
+};
+```
+
+A common mistake is to update a fetcher’s URL, or a version parameter, without updating the hash.
+
+```nix
+fetchurl {
+  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.1.tar.gz";
+  hash = "sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=";
+};
+```
+
+**This will reuse the old contents**.
+Remember to invalidate the hash argument, in this case by setting the `hash` attribute to an empty string.
+
+```nix
+fetchurl {
+  url = "http://www.example.org/hello-1.1.tar.gz";
+  hash = "";
+};
+```
+
+Use the resulting error message to determine the correct hash.
+
+```
+error: hash mismatch in fixed-output derivation '/path/to/my.drv':
+         specified: sha256-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=
+            got:    sha256-lTeyxzJNQeMdu1IVdovNMtgn77jRIhSybLdMbTkf2Ww=
+```
+
+A similar problem arises while testing changes to a fetcher's implementation. If the output of the derivation already exists in the Nix store, test failures can go undetected. The [`invalidateFetcherByDrvHash`](#tester-invalidateFetcherByDrvHash) function helps prevent reusing cached derivations.
+
+## `fetchurl` and `fetchzip` {#fetchurl}
+
+Two basic fetchers are `fetchurl` and `fetchzip`. Both of these have two required arguments, a URL and a hash. The hash is typically `hash`, although many more hash algorithms are supported. Nixpkgs contributors are currently recommended to use `hash`. This hash will be used by Nix to identify your source. A typical usage of `fetchurl` is provided below.
+
+```nix
+{ stdenv, fetchurl }:
+
+stdenv.mkDerivation {
+  name = "hello";
+  src = fetchurl {
+    url = "http://www.example.org/hello.tar.gz";
+    hash = "sha256-BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB=";
+  };
+}
+```
+
+The main difference between `fetchurl` and `fetchzip` is in how they store the contents. `fetchurl` will store the unaltered contents of the URL within the Nix store. `fetchzip` on the other hand, will decompress the archive for you, making files and directories directly accessible in the future. `fetchzip` can only be used with archives. Despite the name, `fetchzip` is not limited to .zip files and can also be used with any tarball.
+
+## `fetchpatch` {#fetchpatch}
+
+`fetchpatch` works very similarly to `fetchurl` with the same arguments expected. It expects patch files as a source and performs normalization on them before computing the checksum. For example, it will remove comments or other unstable parts that are sometimes added by version control systems and can change over time.
+
+- `relative`: Similar to using `git-diff`'s `--relative` flag, only keep changes inside the specified directory, making paths relative to it.
+- `stripLen`: Remove the first `stripLen` components of pathnames in the patch.
+- `decode`: Pipe the downloaded data through this command before processing it as a patch.
+- `extraPrefix`: Prefix pathnames by this string.
+- `excludes`: Exclude files matching these patterns (applies after the above arguments).
+- `includes`: Include only files matching these patterns (applies after the above arguments).
+- `revert`: Revert the patch.
+
+Note that because the checksum is computed after applying these effects, using or modifying these arguments will have no effect unless the `hash` argument is changed as well.
+
+
+Most other fetchers return a directory rather than a single file.
+
+## `fetchsvn` {#fetchsvn}
+
+Used with Subversion. Expects `url` to a Subversion directory, `rev`, and `hash`.
+
+## `fetchgit` {#fetchgit}
+
+Used with Git. Expects `url` to a Git repo, `rev`, and `hash`. `rev` in this case can be full the git commit id (SHA1 hash) or a tag name like `refs/tags/v1.0`.
+
+Additionally, the following optional arguments can be given: `fetchSubmodules = true` makes `fetchgit` also fetch the submodules of a repository. If `deepClone` is set to true, the entire repository is cloned as opposing to just creating a shallow clone. `deepClone = true` also implies `leaveDotGit = true` which means that the `.git` directory of the clone won't be removed after checkout.
+
+If only parts of the repository are needed, `sparseCheckout` can be used. This will prevent git from fetching unnecessary blobs from server, see [git sparse-checkout](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-sparse-checkout) for more information:
+
+```nix
+{ stdenv, fetchgit }:
+
+stdenv.mkDerivation {
+  name = "hello";
+  src = fetchgit {
+    url = "https://...";
+    sparseCheckout = [
+      "directory/to/be/included"
+      "another/directory"
+    ];
+    hash = "sha256-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA=";
+  };
+}
+```
+
+## `fetchfossil` {#fetchfossil}
+
+Used with Fossil. Expects `url` to a Fossil archive, `rev`, and `hash`.
+
+## `fetchcvs` {#fetchcvs}
+
+Used with CVS. Expects `cvsRoot`, `tag`, and `hash`.
+
+## `fetchhg` {#fetchhg}
+
+Used with Mercurial. Expects `url`, `rev`, and `hash`.
+
+A number of fetcher functions wrap part of `fetchurl` and `fetchzip`. They are mainly convenience functions intended for commonly used destinations of source code in Nixpkgs. These wrapper fetchers are listed below.
+
+## `fetchFromGitea` {#fetchfromgitea}
+
+`fetchFromGitea` expects five arguments. `domain` is the gitea server name. `owner` is a string corresponding to the Gitea user or organization that controls this repository. `repo` corresponds to the name of the software repository. These are located at the top of every Gitea HTML page as `owner`/`repo`. `rev` corresponds to the Git commit hash or tag (e.g `v1.0`) that will be downloaded from Git. Finally, `hash` corresponds to the hash of the extracted directory. Again, other hash algorithms are also available but `hash` is currently preferred.
+
+## `fetchFromGitHub` {#fetchfromgithub}
+
+`fetchFromGitHub` expects four arguments. `owner` is a string corresponding to the GitHub user or organization that controls this repository. `repo` corresponds to the name of the software repository. These are located at the top of every GitHub HTML page as `owner`/`repo`. `rev` corresponds to the Git commit hash or tag (e.g `v1.0`) that will be downloaded from Git. Finally, `hash` corresponds to the hash of the extracted directory. Again, other hash algorithms are also available, but `hash` is currently preferred.
+
+`fetchFromGitHub` uses `fetchzip` to download the source archive generated by GitHub for the specified revision. If `leaveDotGit`, `deepClone` or `fetchSubmodules` are set to `true`, `fetchFromGitHub` will use `fetchgit` instead. Refer to its section for documentation of these options.
+
+## `fetchFromGitLab` {#fetchfromgitlab}
+
+This is used with GitLab repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
+
+## `fetchFromGitiles` {#fetchfromgitiles}
+
+This is used with Gitiles repositories. The arguments expected are similar to `fetchgit`.
+
+## `fetchFromBitbucket` {#fetchfrombitbucket}
+
+This is used with BitBucket repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to fetchFromGitHub above.
+
+## `fetchFromSavannah` {#fetchfromsavannah}
+
+This is used with Savannah repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
+
+## `fetchFromRepoOrCz` {#fetchfromrepoorcz}
+
+This is used with repo.or.cz repositories. The arguments expected are very similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above.
+
+## `fetchFromSourcehut` {#fetchfromsourcehut}
+
+This is used with sourcehut repositories. Similar to `fetchFromGitHub` above,
+it expects `owner`, `repo`, `rev` and `hash`, but don't forget the tilde (~)
+in front of the username! Expected arguments also include `vc` ("git" (default)
+or "hg"), `domain` and `fetchSubmodules`.
+
+If `fetchSubmodules` is `true`, `fetchFromSourcehut` uses `fetchgit`
+or `fetchhg` with `fetchSubmodules` or `fetchSubrepos` set to `true`,
+respectively. Otherwise, the fetcher uses `fetchzip`.
+
+## `requireFile` {#requirefile}
+
+`requireFile` allows requesting files that cannot be fetched automatically, but whose content is known.
+This is a useful last-resort workaround for license restrictions that prohibit redistribution, or for downloads that are only accessible after authenticating interactively in a browser.
+If the requested file is present in the Nix store, the resulting derivation will not be built, because its expected output is already available.
+Otherwise, the builder will run, but fail with a message explaining to the user how to provide the file. The following code, for example:
+
+```
+requireFile {
+  name = "jdk-${version}_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz";
+  url = "https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html";
+  sha256 = "94bd34f85ee38d3ef59e5289ec7450b9443b924c55625661fffe66b03f2c8de2";
+}
+```
+results in this error message:
+```
+***
+Unfortunately, we cannot download file jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz automatically.
+Please go to https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase-jdk11-downloads.html to download it yourself, and add it to the Nix store
+using either
+  nix-store --add-fixed sha256 jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
+or
+  nix-prefetch-url --type sha256 file:///path/to/jdk-11.0.10_linux-x64_bin.tar.gz
+
+***
+```

doc/builders/images.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+         xml:id="chap-images">
+ <title>Images</title>
+ <para>
+  This chapter describes tools for creating various types of images.
+ </para>
+ <xi:include href="images/appimagetools.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/dockertools.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/ocitools.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/snaptools.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/portableservice.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/makediskimage.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="images/binarycache.section.xml" />
+</chapter>

doc/builders/images/appimagetools.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# pkgs.appimageTools {#sec-pkgs-appimageTools}
+
+`pkgs.appimageTools` is a set of functions for extracting and wrapping [AppImage](https://appimage.org/) files. They are meant to be used if traditional packaging from source is infeasible, or it would take too long. To quickly run an AppImage file, `pkgs.appimage-run` can be used as well.
+
+::: {.warning}
+The `appimageTools` API is unstable and may be subject to backwards-incompatible changes in the future.
+:::
+
+## AppImage formats {#ssec-pkgs-appimageTools-formats}
+
+There are different formats for AppImages, see [the specification](https://github.com/AppImage/AppImageSpec/blob/74ad9ca2f94bf864a4a0dac1f369dd4f00bd1c28/draft.md#image-format) for details.
+
+- Type 1 images are ISO 9660 files that are also ELF executables.
+- Type 2 images are ELF executables with an appended filesystem.
+
+They can be told apart with `file -k`:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ file -k type1.AppImage
+type1.AppImage: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV) ISO 9660 CD-ROM filesystem data 'AppImage' (Lepton 3.x), scale 0-0,
+spot sensor temperature 0.000000, unit celsius, color scheme 0, calibration: offset 0.000000, slope 0.000000, dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.18, BuildID[sha1]=d629f6099d2344ad82818172add1d38c5e11bc6d, stripped\012- data
+
+$ file -k type2.AppImage
+type2.AppImage: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV) (Lepton 3.x), scale 232-60668, spot sensor temperature -4.187500, color scheme 15, show scale bar, calibration: offset -0.000000, slope 0.000000 (Lepton 2.x), scale 4111-45000, spot sensor temperature 412442.250000, color scheme 3, minimum point enabled, calibration: offset -75402534979642766821519867692934234112.000000, slope 5815371847733706829839455140374904832.000000, dynamically linked, interpreter /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2, for GNU/Linux 2.6.18, BuildID[sha1]=79dcc4e55a61c293c5e19edbd8d65b202842579f, stripped\012- data
+```
+
+Note how the type 1 AppImage is described as an `ISO 9660 CD-ROM filesystem`, and the type 2 AppImage is not.
+
+## Wrapping {#ssec-pkgs-appimageTools-wrapping}
+
+Depending on the type of AppImage you're wrapping, you'll have to use `wrapType1` or `wrapType2`.
+
+```nix
+appimageTools.wrapType2 { # or wrapType1
+  name = "patchwork";
+  src = fetchurl {
+    url = "https://github.com/ssbc/patchwork/releases/download/v3.11.4/Patchwork-3.11.4-linux-x86_64.AppImage";
+    hash = "sha256-OqTitCeZ6xmWbqYTXp8sDrmVgTNjPZNW0hzUPW++mq4=";
+  };
+  extraPkgs = pkgs: with pkgs; [ ];
+}
+```
+
+- `name` specifies the name of the resulting image.
+- `src` specifies the AppImage file to extract.
+- `extraPkgs` allows you to pass a function to include additional packages inside the FHS environment your AppImage is going to run in. There are a few ways to learn which dependencies an application needs:
+  - Looking through the extracted AppImage files, reading its scripts and running `patchelf` and `ldd` on its executables. This can also be done in `appimage-run`, by setting `APPIMAGE_DEBUG_EXEC=bash`.
+  - Running `strace -vfefile` on the wrapped executable, looking for libraries that can't be found.

doc/builders/images/binarycache.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# pkgs.mkBinaryCache {#sec-pkgs-binary-cache}
+
+`pkgs.mkBinaryCache` is a function for creating Nix flat-file binary caches. Such a cache exists as a directory on disk, and can be used as a Nix substituter by passing `--substituter file:///path/to/cache` to Nix commands.
+
+Nix packages are most commonly shared between machines using [HTTP, SSH, or S3](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/package-management/sharing-packages.html), but a flat-file binary cache can still be useful in some situations. For example, you can copy it directly to another machine, or make it available on a network file system. It can also be a convenient way to make some Nix packages available inside a container via bind-mounting.
+
+Note that this function is meant for advanced use-cases. The more idiomatic way to work with flat-file binary caches is via the [nix-copy-closure](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-copy-closure.html) command. You may also want to consider [dockerTools](#sec-pkgs-dockerTools) for your containerization needs.
+
+## Example {#sec-pkgs-binary-cache-example}
+
+The following derivation will construct a flat-file binary cache containing the closure of `hello`.
+
+```nix
+mkBinaryCache {
+  rootPaths = [hello];
+}
+```
+
+- `rootPaths` specifies a list of root derivations. The transitive closure of these derivations' outputs will be copied into the cache.
+
+Here's an example of building and using the cache.
+
+Build the cache on one machine, `host1`:
+
+```shellSession
+nix-build -E 'with import <nixpkgs> {}; mkBinaryCache { rootPaths = [hello]; }'
+```
+
+```shellSession
+/nix/store/cc0562q828rnjqjyfj23d5q162gb424g-binary-cache
+```
+
+Copy the resulting directory to the other machine, `host2`:
+
+```shellSession
+scp result host2:/tmp/hello-cache
+```
+
+Substitute the derivation using the flat-file binary cache on the other machine, `host2`:
+```shellSession
+nix-build -A hello '<nixpkgs>' \
+  --option require-sigs false \
+  --option trusted-substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache \
+  --option substituters file:///tmp/hello-cache
+```
+
+```shellSession
+/nix/store/gl5a41azbpsadfkfmbilh9yk40dh5dl0-hello-2.12.1
+```

doc/builders/images/dockertools.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,539 @@
+# pkgs.dockerTools {#sec-pkgs-dockerTools}
+
+`pkgs.dockerTools` is a set of functions for creating and manipulating Docker images according to the [Docker Image Specification v1.2.0](https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/image/spec/v1.2.md#docker-image-specification-v120). Docker itself is not used to perform any of the operations done by these functions.
+
+## buildImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildImage}
+
+This function is analogous to the `docker build` command, in that it can be used to build a Docker-compatible repository tarball containing a single image with one or multiple layers. As such, the result is suitable for being loaded in Docker with `docker load`.
+
+The parameters of `buildImage` with relative example values are described below:
+
+[]{#ex-dockerTools-buildImage}
+[]{#ex-dockerTools-buildImage-runAsRoot}
+
+```nix
+buildImage {
+  name = "redis";
+  tag = "latest";
+
+  fromImage = someBaseImage;
+  fromImageName = null;
+  fromImageTag = "latest";
+
+  copyToRoot = pkgs.buildEnv {
+    name = "image-root";
+    paths = [ pkgs.redis ];
+    pathsToLink = [ "/bin" ];
+  };
+
+  runAsRoot = ''
+    #!${pkgs.runtimeShell}
+    mkdir -p /data
+  '';
+
+  config = {
+    Cmd = [ "/bin/redis-server" ];
+    WorkingDir = "/data";
+    Volumes = { "/data" = { }; };
+  };
+
+  diskSize = 1024;
+  buildVMMemorySize = 512;
+}
+```
+
+The above example will build a Docker image `redis/latest` from the given base image. Loading and running this image in Docker results in `redis-server` being started automatically.
+
+- `name` specifies the name of the resulting image. This is the only required argument for `buildImage`.
+
+- `tag` specifies the tag of the resulting image. By default it's `null`, which indicates that the nix output hash will be used as tag.
+
+- `fromImage` is the repository tarball containing the base image. It must be a valid Docker image, such as exported by `docker save`. By default it's `null`, which can be seen as equivalent to `FROM scratch` of a `Dockerfile`.
+
+- `fromImageName` can be used to further specify the base image within the repository, in case it contains multiple images. By default it's `null`, in which case `buildImage` will peek the first image available in the repository.
+
+- `fromImageTag` can be used to further specify the tag of the base image within the repository, in case an image contains multiple tags. By default it's `null`, in which case `buildImage` will peek the first tag available for the base image.
+
+- `copyToRoot` is a derivation that will be copied in the new layer of the resulting image. This can be similarly seen as `ADD contents/ /` in a `Dockerfile`. By default it's `null`.
+
+- `runAsRoot` is a bash script that will run as root in an environment that overlays the existing layers of the base image with the new resulting layer, including the previously copied `contents` derivation. This can be similarly seen as `RUN ...` in a `Dockerfile`.
+
+> **_NOTE:_** Using this parameter requires the `kvm` device to be available.
+
+- `config` is used to specify the configuration of the containers that will be started off the built image in Docker. The available options are listed in the [Docker Image Specification v1.2.0](https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/image/spec/v1.2.md#image-json-field-descriptions).
+
+- `architecture` is _optional_ and used to specify the image architecture, this is useful for multi-architecture builds that don't need cross compiling. If not specified it will default to `hostPlatform`.
+
+- `diskSize` is used to specify the disk size of the VM used to build the image in megabytes. By default it's 1024 MiB.
+
+- `buildVMMemorySize` is used to specify the memory size of the VM to build the image in megabytes. By default it's 512 MiB.
+
+After the new layer has been created, its closure (to which `contents`, `config` and `runAsRoot` contribute) will be copied in the layer itself. Only new dependencies that are not already in the existing layers will be copied.
+
+At the end of the process, only one new single layer will be produced and added to the resulting image.
+
+The resulting repository will only list the single image `image/tag`. In the case of [the `buildImage` example](#ex-dockerTools-buildImage), it would be `redis/latest`.
+
+It is possible to inspect the arguments with which an image was built using its `buildArgs` attribute.
+
+> **_NOTE:_** If you see errors similar to `getProtocolByName: does not exist (no such protocol name: tcp)` you may need to add `pkgs.iana-etc` to `contents`.
+
+> **_NOTE:_** If you see errors similar to `Error_Protocol ("certificate has unknown CA",True,UnknownCa)` you may need to add `pkgs.cacert` to `contents`.
+
+By default `buildImage` will use a static date of one second past the UNIX Epoch. This allows `buildImage` to produce binary reproducible images. When listing images with `docker images`, the newly created images will be listed like this:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ docker images
+REPOSITORY   TAG      IMAGE ID       CREATED        SIZE
+hello        latest   08c791c7846e   48 years ago   25.2MB
+```
+
+You can break binary reproducibility but have a sorted, meaningful `CREATED` column by setting `created` to `now`.
+
+```nix
+pkgs.dockerTools.buildImage {
+  name = "hello";
+  tag = "latest";
+  created = "now";
+  copyToRoot = pkgs.buildEnv {
+    name = "image-root";
+    paths = [ pkgs.hello ];
+    pathsToLink = [ "/bin" ];
+  };
+
+  config.Cmd = [ "/bin/hello" ];
+}
+```
+
+Now the Docker CLI will display a reasonable date and sort the images as expected:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ docker images
+REPOSITORY   TAG      IMAGE ID       CREATED              SIZE
+hello        latest   de2bf4786de6   About a minute ago   25.2MB
+```
+
+However, the produced images will not be binary reproducible.
+
+## buildLayeredImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildLayeredImage}
+
+Create a Docker image with many of the store paths being on their own layer to improve sharing between images. The image is realized into the Nix store as a gzipped tarball. Depending on the intended usage, many users might prefer to use `streamLayeredImage` instead, which this function uses internally.
+
+`name`
+
+: The name of the resulting image.
+
+`tag` _optional_
+
+: Tag of the generated image.
+
+    *Default:* the output path's hash
+
+`fromImage` _optional_
+
+: The repository tarball containing the base image. It must be a valid Docker image, such as one exported by `docker save`.
+
+    *Default:* `null`, which can be seen as equivalent to `FROM scratch` of a `Dockerfile`.
+
+`contents` _optional_
+
+: Top-level paths in the container. Either a single derivation, or a list of derivations.
+
+    *Default:* `[]`
+
+`config` _optional_
+
+`architecture` is _optional_ and used to specify the image architecture, this is useful for multi-architecture builds that don't need cross compiling. If not specified it will default to `hostPlatform`.
+
+: Run-time configuration of the container. A full list of the options available is in the [Docker Image Specification v1.2.0](https://github.com/moby/moby/blob/master/image/spec/v1.2.md#image-json-field-descriptions).
+
+    *Default:* `{}`
+
+`created` _optional_
+
+: Date and time the layers were created. Follows the same `now` exception supported by `buildImage`.
+
+    *Default:* `1970-01-01T00:00:01Z`
+
+`maxLayers` _optional_
+
+: Maximum number of layers to create.
+
+    *Default:* `100`
+
+    *Maximum:* `125`
+
+`extraCommands` _optional_
+
+: Shell commands to run while building the final layer, without access to most of the layer contents. Changes to this layer are "on top" of all the other layers, so can create additional directories and files.
+
+`fakeRootCommands` _optional_
+
+: Shell commands to run while creating the archive for the final layer in a fakeroot environment. Unlike `extraCommands`, you can run `chown` to change the owners of the files in the archive, changing fakeroot's state instead of the real filesystem. The latter would require privileges that the build user does not have. Static binaries do not interact with the fakeroot environment. By default all files in the archive will be owned by root.
+
+`enableFakechroot` _optional_
+
+: Whether to run in `fakeRootCommands` in `fakechroot`, making programs behave as though `/` is the root of the image being created, while files in the Nix store are available as usual. This allows scripts that perform installation in `/` to work as expected. Considering that `fakechroot` is implemented via the same mechanism as `fakeroot`, the same caveats apply.
+
+    *Default:* `false`
+
+### Behavior of `contents` in the final image {#dockerTools-buildLayeredImage-arg-contents}
+
+Each path directly listed in `contents` will have a symlink in the root of the image.
+
+For example:
+
+```nix
+pkgs.dockerTools.buildLayeredImage {
+  name = "hello";
+  contents = [ pkgs.hello ];
+}
+```
+
+will create symlinks for all the paths in the `hello` package:
+
+```ShellSession
+/bin/hello -> /nix/store/h1zb1padqbbb7jicsvkmrym3r6snphxg-hello-2.10/bin/hello
+/share/info/hello.info -> /nix/store/h1zb1padqbbb7jicsvkmrym3r6snphxg-hello-2.10/share/info/hello.info
+/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo -> /nix/store/h1zb1padqbbb7jicsvkmrym3r6snphxg-hello-2.10/share/locale/bg/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
+```
+
+### Automatic inclusion of `config` references {#dockerTools-buildLayeredImage-arg-config}
+
+The closure of `config` is automatically included in the closure of the final image.
+
+This allows you to make very simple Docker images with very little code. This container will start up and run `hello`:
+
+```nix
+pkgs.dockerTools.buildLayeredImage {
+  name = "hello";
+  config.Cmd = [ "${pkgs.hello}/bin/hello" ];
+}
+```
+
+### Adjusting `maxLayers` {#dockerTools-buildLayeredImage-arg-maxLayers}
+
+Increasing the `maxLayers` increases the number of layers which have a chance to be shared between different images.
+
+Modern Docker installations support up to 128 layers, but older versions support as few as 42.
+
+If the produced image will not be extended by other Docker builds, it is safe to set `maxLayers` to `128`. However, it will be impossible to extend the image further.
+
+The first (`maxLayers-2`) most "popular" paths will have their own individual layers, then layer \#`maxLayers-1` will contain all the remaining "unpopular" paths, and finally layer \#`maxLayers` will contain the Image configuration.
+
+Docker's Layers are not inherently ordered, they are content-addressable and are not explicitly layered until they are composed in to an Image.
+
+## streamLayeredImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-streamLayeredImage}
+
+Builds a script which, when run, will stream an uncompressed tarball of a Docker image to stdout. The arguments to this function are as for `buildLayeredImage`. This method of constructing an image does not realize the image into the Nix store, so it saves on IO and disk/cache space, particularly with large images.
+
+The image produced by running the output script can be piped directly into `docker load`, to load it into the local docker daemon:
+
+```ShellSession
+$(nix-build) | docker load
+```
+
+Alternatively, the image be piped via `gzip` into `skopeo`, e.g., to copy it into a registry:
+
+```ShellSession
+$(nix-build) | gzip --fast | skopeo copy docker-archive:/dev/stdin docker://some_docker_registry/myimage:tag
+```
+
+## pullImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-fetchFromRegistry}
+
+This function is analogous to the `docker pull` command, in that it can be used to pull a Docker image from a Docker registry. By default [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/) is used to pull images.
+
+Its parameters are described in the example below:
+
+```nix
+pullImage {
+  imageName = "nixos/nix";
+  imageDigest =
+    "sha256:473a2b527958665554806aea24d0131bacec46d23af09fef4598eeab331850fa";
+  finalImageName = "nix";
+  finalImageTag = "2.11.1";
+  sha256 = "sha256-qvhj+Hlmviz+KEBVmsyPIzTB3QlVAFzwAY1zDPIBGxc=";
+  os = "linux";
+  arch = "x86_64";
+}
+```
+
+- `imageName` specifies the name of the image to be downloaded, which can also include the registry namespace (e.g. `nixos`). This argument is required.
+
+- `imageDigest` specifies the digest of the image to be downloaded. This argument is required.
+
+- `finalImageName`, if specified, this is the name of the image to be created. Note it is never used to fetch the image since we prefer to rely on the immutable digest ID. By default it's equal to `imageName`.
+
+- `finalImageTag`, if specified, this is the tag of the image to be created. Note it is never used to fetch the image since we prefer to rely on the immutable digest ID. By default it's `latest`.
+
+- `sha256` is the checksum of the whole fetched image. This argument is required.
+
+- `os`, if specified, is the operating system of the fetched image. By default it's `linux`.
+
+- `arch`, if specified, is the cpu architecture of the fetched image. By default it's `x86_64`.
+
+`nix-prefetch-docker` command can be used to get required image parameters:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nix run nixpkgs.nix-prefetch-docker -c nix-prefetch-docker --image-name mysql --image-tag 5
+```
+
+Since a given `imageName` may transparently refer to a manifest list of images which support multiple architectures and/or operating systems, you can supply the `--os` and `--arch` arguments to specify exactly which image you want. By default it will match the OS and architecture of the host the command is run on.
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nix-prefetch-docker --image-name mysql --image-tag 5 --arch x86_64 --os linux
+```
+
+Desired image name and tag can be set using `--final-image-name` and `--final-image-tag` arguments:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nix-prefetch-docker --image-name mysql --image-tag 5 --final-image-name eu.gcr.io/my-project/mysql --final-image-tag prod
+```
+
+## exportImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-exportImage}
+
+This function is analogous to the `docker export` command, in that it can be used to flatten a Docker image that contains multiple layers. It is in fact the result of the merge of all the layers of the image. As such, the result is suitable for being imported in Docker with `docker import`.
+
+> **_NOTE:_** Using this function requires the `kvm` device to be available.
+
+The parameters of `exportImage` are the following:
+
+```nix
+exportImage {
+  fromImage = someLayeredImage;
+  fromImageName = null;
+  fromImageTag = null;
+
+  name = someLayeredImage.name;
+}
+```
+
+The parameters relative to the base image have the same synopsis as described in [buildImage](#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildImage), except that `fromImage` is the only required argument in this case.
+
+The `name` argument is the name of the derivation output, which defaults to `fromImage.name`.
+
+## Environment Helpers {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers}
+
+Some packages expect certain files to be available globally.
+When building an image from scratch (i.e. without `fromImage`), these files are missing.
+`pkgs.dockerTools` provides some helpers to set up an environment with the necessary files.
+You can include them in `copyToRoot` like this:
+
+```nix
+buildImage {
+  name = "environment-example";
+  copyToRoot = with pkgs.dockerTools; [
+    usrBinEnv
+    binSh
+    caCertificates
+    fakeNss
+  ];
+}
+```
+
+### usrBinEnv {#sssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers-usrBinEnv}
+
+This provides the `env` utility at `/usr/bin/env`.
+
+### binSh {#sssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers-binSh}
+
+This provides `bashInteractive` at `/bin/sh`.
+
+### caCertificates {#sssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers-caCertificates}
+
+This sets up `/etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt`.
+
+### fakeNss {#sssec-pkgs-dockerTools-helpers-fakeNss}
+
+Provides `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group` that contain root and nobody.
+Useful when packaging binaries that insist on using nss to look up
+username/groups (like nginx).
+
+### shadowSetup {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-shadowSetup}
+
+This constant string is a helper for setting up the base files for managing users and groups, only if such files don't exist already. It is suitable for being used in a [`buildImage` `runAsRoot`](#ex-dockerTools-buildImage-runAsRoot) script for cases like in the example below:
+
+```nix
+buildImage {
+  name = "shadow-basic";
+
+  runAsRoot = ''
+    #!${pkgs.runtimeShell}
+    ${pkgs.dockerTools.shadowSetup}
+    groupadd -r redis
+    useradd -r -g redis redis
+    mkdir /data
+    chown redis:redis /data
+  '';
+}
+```
+
+Creating base files like `/etc/passwd` or `/etc/login.defs` is necessary for shadow-utils to manipulate users and groups.
+
+## fakeNss {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-fakeNss}
+
+If your primary goal is providing a basic skeleton for user lookups to work,
+and/or a lesser privileged user, adding `pkgs.fakeNss` to
+the container image root might be the better choice than a custom script
+running `useradd` and friends.
+
+It provides a `/etc/passwd` and `/etc/group`, containing `root` and `nobody`
+users and groups.
+
+It also provides a `/etc/nsswitch.conf`, configuring NSS host resolution to
+first check `/etc/hosts`, before checking DNS, as the default in the absence of
+a config file (`dns [!UNAVAIL=return] files`) is quite unexpected.
+
+You can pair it with `binSh`, which provides `bin/sh` as a symlink
+to `bashInteractive` (as `/bin/sh` is configured as a shell).
+
+```nix
+buildImage {
+  name = "shadow-basic";
+
+  copyToRoot = pkgs.buildEnv {
+    name = "image-root";
+    paths = [ binSh pkgs.fakeNss ];
+    pathsToLink = [ "/bin" "/etc" "/var" ];
+  };
+}
+```
+
+## buildNixShellImage {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildNixShellImage}
+
+Create a Docker image that sets up an environment similar to that of running `nix-shell` on a derivation.
+When run in Docker, this environment somewhat resembles the Nix sandbox typically used by `nix-build`, with a major difference being that access to the internet is allowed.
+It additionally also behaves like an interactive `nix-shell`, running things like `shellHook` and setting an interactive prompt.
+If the derivation is fully buildable (i.e. `nix-build` can be used on it), running `buildDerivation` inside such a Docker image will build the derivation, with all its outputs being available in the correct `/nix/store` paths, pointed to by the respective environment variables like `$out`, etc.
+
+::: {.warning}
+The behavior doesn't match `nix-shell` or `nix-build` exactly and this function is known not to work correctly for e.g. fixed-output derivations, content-addressed derivations, impure derivations and other special types of derivations.
+:::
+
+### Arguments {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildNixShellImage-arguments}
+
+`drv`
+
+: The derivation on which to base the Docker image.
+
+    Adding packages to the Docker image is possible by e.g. extending the list of `nativeBuildInputs` of this derivation like
+
+    ```nix
+    buildNixShellImage {
+      drv = someDrv.overrideAttrs (old: {
+        nativeBuildInputs = old.nativeBuildInputs or [] ++ [
+          somethingExtra
+        ];
+      });
+      # ...
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Similarly, you can extend the image initialization script by extending `shellHook`
+
+`name` _optional_
+
+: The name of the resulting image.
+
+    *Default:* `drv.name + "-env"`
+
+`tag` _optional_
+
+: Tag of the generated image.
+
+    *Default:* the resulting image derivation output path's hash
+
+`uid`/`gid` _optional_
+
+: The user/group ID to run the container as. This is like a `nixbld` build user.
+
+    *Default:* 1000/1000
+
+`homeDirectory` _optional_
+
+: The home directory of the user the container is running as
+
+    *Default:* `/build`
+
+`shell` _optional_
+
+: The path to the `bash` binary to use as the shell. This shell is started when running the image.
+
+    *Default:* `pkgs.bashInteractive + "/bin/bash"`
+
+`command` _optional_
+
+: Run this command in the environment of the derivation, in an interactive shell. See the `--command` option in the [`nix-shell` documentation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-shell.html?highlight=nix-shell#options).
+
+    *Default:* (none)
+
+`run` _optional_
+
+: Same as `command`, but runs the command in a non-interactive shell instead. See the `--run` option in the [`nix-shell` documentation](https://nixos.org/manual/nix/stable/command-ref/nix-shell.html?highlight=nix-shell#options).
+
+    *Default:* (none)
+
+### Example {#ssec-pkgs-dockerTools-buildNixShellImage-example}
+
+The following shows how to build the `pkgs.hello` package inside a Docker container built with `buildNixShellImage`.
+
+```nix
+with import <nixpkgs> {};
+dockerTools.buildNixShellImage {
+  drv = hello;
+}
+```
+
+Build the derivation:
+
+```console
+nix-build hello.nix
+```
+
+    these 8 derivations will be built:
+      /nix/store/xmw3a5ln29rdalavcxk1w3m4zb2n7kk6-nix-shell-rc.drv
+    ...
+    Creating layer 56 from paths: ['/nix/store/crpnj8ssz0va2q0p5ibv9i6k6n52gcya-stdenv-linux']
+    Creating layer 57 with customisation...
+    Adding manifests...
+    Done.
+    /nix/store/cpyn1lc897ghx0rhr2xy49jvyn52bazv-hello-2.12-env.tar.gz
+
+Load the image:
+
+```console
+docker load -i result
+```
+
+    0d9f4c4cd109: Loading layer [==================================================>]   2.56MB/2.56MB
+    ...
+    ab1d897c0697: Loading layer [==================================================>]  10.24kB/10.24kB
+    Loaded image: hello-2.12-env:pgj9h98nal555415faa43vsydg161bdz
+
+Run the container:
+
+```console
+docker run -it hello-2.12-env:pgj9h98nal555415faa43vsydg161bdz
+```
+
+    [nix-shell:/build]$
+
+In the running container, run the build:
+
+```console
+buildDerivation
+```
+
+    unpacking sources
+    unpacking source archive /nix/store/8nqv6kshb3vs5q5bs2k600xpj5bkavkc-hello-2.12.tar.gz
+    ...
+    patching script interpreter paths in /nix/store/z5wwy5nagzy15gag42vv61c2agdpz2f2-hello-2.12
+    checking for references to /build/ in /nix/store/z5wwy5nagzy15gag42vv61c2agdpz2f2-hello-2.12...
+
+Check the build result:
+
+```console
+$out/bin/hello
+```
+
+    Hello, world!

doc/builders/images/ocitools.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# pkgs.ociTools {#sec-pkgs-ociTools}
+
+`pkgs.ociTools` is a set of functions for creating containers according to the [OCI container specification v1.0.0](https://github.com/opencontainers/runtime-spec). Beyond that, it makes no assumptions about the container runner you choose to use to run the created container.
+
+## buildContainer {#ssec-pkgs-ociTools-buildContainer}
+
+This function creates a simple OCI container that runs a single command inside of it. An OCI container consists of a `config.json` and a rootfs directory. The nix store of the container will contain all referenced dependencies of the given command.
+
+The parameters of `buildContainer` with an example value are described below:
+
+```nix
+buildContainer {
+  args = [
+    (with pkgs;
+      writeScript "run.sh" ''
+        #!${bash}/bin/bash
+        exec ${bash}/bin/bash
+      '').outPath
+  ];
+
+  mounts = {
+    "/data" = {
+      type = "none";
+      source = "/var/lib/mydata";
+      options = [ "bind" ];
+    };
+  };
+
+  readonly = false;
+}
+```
+
+- `args` specifies a set of arguments to run inside the container. This is the only required argument for `buildContainer`. All referenced packages inside the derivation will be made available inside the container.
+
+- `mounts` specifies additional mount points chosen by the user. By default only a minimal set of necessary filesystems are mounted into the container (e.g procfs, cgroupfs)
+
+- `readonly` makes the container's rootfs read-only if it is set to true. The default value is false `false`.

doc/builders/images/portableservice.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,81 @@
+# pkgs.portableService {#sec-pkgs-portableService}
+
+`pkgs.portableService` is a function to create _portable service images_,
+as read-only, immutable, `squashfs` archives.
+
+systemd supports a concept of [Portable Services](https://systemd.io/PORTABLE_SERVICES/).
+Portable Services are a delivery method for system services that uses two specific features of container management:
+
+* Applications are bundled. I.e. multiple services, their binaries and
+  all their dependencies are packaged in an image, and are run directly from it.
+* Stricter default security policies, i.e. sandboxing of applications.
+
+This allows using Nix to build images which can be run on many recent Linux distributions.
+
+The primary tool for interacting with Portable Services is `portablectl`,
+and they are managed by the `systemd-portabled` system service.
+
+::: {.note}
+Portable services are supported starting with systemd 239 (released on 2018-06-22).
+:::
+
+A very simple example of using `portableService` is described below:
+
+[]{#ex-pkgs-portableService}
+
+```nix
+pkgs.portableService {
+  pname = "demo";
+  version = "1.0";
+  units = [ demo-service demo-socket ];
+}
+```
+
+The above example will build an squashfs archive image in `result/$pname_$version.raw`. The image will contain the
+file system structure as required by the portable service specification, and a subset of the Nix store with all the
+dependencies of the two derivations in the `units` list.
+`units` must be a list of derivations, and their names must be prefixed with the service name (`"demo"` in this case).
+Otherwise `systemd-portabled` will ignore them.
+
+::: {.note}
+The `.raw` file extension of the image is required by the portable services specification.
+:::
+
+Some other options available are:
+- `description`, `homepage`
+
+  Are added to the `/etc/os-release` in the image and are shown by the portable services tooling.
+  Default to empty values, not added to os-release.
+- `symlinks`
+
+  A list of attribute sets {object, symlink}. Symlinks will be created  in the root filesystem of the image to
+  objects in the Nix store. Defaults to an empty list.
+- `contents`
+
+  A list of additional derivations to be included in the image Nix store, as-is. Defaults to an empty list.
+- `squashfsTools`
+
+  Defaults to `pkgs.squashfsTools`, allows you to override the package that provides `mksquashfs`.
+- `squash-compression`, `squash-block-size`
+
+  Options to `mksquashfs`. Default to `"xz -Xdict-size 100%"` and `"1M"` respectively.
+
+A typical usage of `symlinks` would be:
+```nix
+  symlinks = [
+    { object = "${pkgs.cacert}/etc/ssl"; symlink = "/etc/ssl"; }
+    { object = "${pkgs.bash}/bin/bash"; symlink = "/bin/sh"; }
+    { object = "${pkgs.php}/bin/php"; symlink = "/usr/bin/php"; }
+  ];
+```
+to create these symlinks for legacy applications that assume them existing globally.
+
+Once the image is created, and deployed on a host in `/var/lib/portables/`, you can attach the image and run the service. As root run:
+```console
+portablectl attach demo_1.0.raw
+systemctl enable --now demo.socket
+systemctl enable --now demo.service
+```
+::: {.note}
+See the [man page](https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/portablectl.html) of `portablectl` for more info on its usage.
+:::

doc/builders/images/snaptools.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+# pkgs.snapTools {#sec-pkgs-snapTools}
+
+`pkgs.snapTools` is a set of functions for creating Snapcraft images. Snap and Snapcraft is not used to perform these operations.
+
+## The makeSnap Function {#ssec-pkgs-snapTools-makeSnap-signature}
+
+`makeSnap` takes a single named argument, `meta`. This argument mirrors [the upstream `snap.yaml` format](https://docs.snapcraft.io/snap-format) exactly.
+
+The `base` should not be specified, as `makeSnap` will force set it.
+
+Currently, `makeSnap` does not support creating GUI stubs.
+
+## Build a Hello World Snap {#ssec-pkgs-snapTools-build-a-snap-hello}
+
+The following expression packages GNU Hello as a Snapcraft snap.
+
+``` {#ex-snapTools-buildSnap-hello .nix}
+let
+  inherit (import <nixpkgs> { }) snapTools hello;
+in snapTools.makeSnap {
+  meta = {
+    name = "hello";
+    summary = hello.meta.description;
+    description = hello.meta.longDescription;
+    architectures = [ "amd64" ];
+    confinement = "strict";
+    apps.hello.command = "${hello}/bin/hello";
+  };
+}
+```
+
+`nix-build` this expression and install it with `snap install ./result --dangerous`. `hello` will now be the Snapcraft version of the package.
+
+## Build a Graphical Snap {#ssec-pkgs-snapTools-build-a-snap-firefox}
+
+Graphical programs require many more integrations with the host. This example uses Firefox as an example because it is one of the most complicated programs we could package.
+
+``` {#ex-snapTools-buildSnap-firefox .nix}
+let
+  inherit (import <nixpkgs> { }) snapTools firefox;
+in snapTools.makeSnap {
+  meta = {
+    name = "nix-example-firefox";
+    summary = firefox.meta.description;
+    architectures = [ "amd64" ];
+    apps.nix-example-firefox = {
+      command = "${firefox}/bin/firefox";
+      plugs = [
+        "pulseaudio"
+        "camera"
+        "browser-support"
+        "avahi-observe"
+        "cups-control"
+        "desktop"
+        "desktop-legacy"
+        "gsettings"
+        "home"
+        "network"
+        "mount-observe"
+        "removable-media"
+        "x11"
+      ];
+    };
+    confinement = "strict";
+  };
+}
+```
+
+`nix-build` this expression and install it with `snap install ./result --dangerous`. `nix-example-firefox` will now be the Snapcraft version of the Firefox package.
+
+The specific meaning behind plugs can be looked up in the [Snapcraft interface documentation](https://docs.snapcraft.io/supported-interfaces).

doc/builders/packages/dlib.section.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # DLib {#dlib}
 
-[DLib](http://dlib.net/) is a modern, C++\-based toolkit which provides several machine learning algorithms.
+[DLib](http://dlib.net/) is a modern, C++-based toolkit which provides several machine learning algorithms.
 
 ## Compiling without AVX support {#compiling-without-avx-support}
 

doc/builders/packages/emacs.section.md

@@ -26,6 +26,10 @@ You can install it like any other packages via `nix-env -iA myEmacs`. However, t
 {
   packageOverrides = pkgs: with pkgs; rec {
     myEmacsConfig = writeText "default.el" ''
+      ;; initialize package
+
+      (require 'package)
+      (package-initialize 'noactivate)
       (eval-when-compile
         (require 'use-package))
 
@@ -99,14 +103,14 @@ You can install it like any other packages via `nix-env -iA myEmacs`. However, t
 
 This provides a fairly full Emacs start file. It will load in addition to the user's personal config. You can always disable it by passing `-q` to the Emacs command.
 
-Sometimes `emacs.pkgs.withPackages` is not enough, as this package set has some priorities imposed on packages (with the lowest priority assigned to GNU-devel ELPA, and the highest for packages manually defined in `pkgs/applications/editors/emacs/elisp-packages/manual-packages`). But you can't control these priorities when some package is installed as a dependency. You can override it on a per-package-basis, providing all the required dependencies manually, but it's tedious and there is always a possibility that an unwanted dependency will sneak in through some other package. To completely override such a package, you can use `overrideScope`.
+Sometimes `emacs.pkgs.withPackages` is not enough, as this package set has some priorities imposed on packages (with the lowest priority assigned to Melpa Unstable, and the highest for packages manually defined in `pkgs/top-level/emacs-packages.nix`). But you can't control these priorities when some package is installed as a dependency. You can override it on a per-package-basis, providing all the required dependencies manually, but it's tedious and there is always a possibility that an unwanted dependency will sneak in through some other package. To completely override such a package, you can use `overrideScope'`.
 
 ```nix
 overrides = self: super: rec {
   haskell-mode = self.melpaPackages.haskell-mode;
   ...
 };
-((emacsPackagesFor emacs).overrideScope overrides).withPackages
+((emacsPackagesFor emacs).overrideScope' overrides).withPackages
   (p: with p; [
     # here both these package will use haskell-mode of our own choice
     ghc-mod

doc/builders/packages/ibus.section.md

@@ -29,12 +29,10 @@ _Note: each language passed to `langs` must be an attribute name in `pkgs.hunspe
 
 ## Built-in emoji picker {#sec-ibus-typing-booster-emoji-picker}
 
-The `ibus-engines.typing-booster` package contains a program named `emoji-picker`. To display all emojis correctly, a special font such as `noto-fonts-color-emoji` is needed:
+The `ibus-engines.typing-booster` package contains a program named `emoji-picker`. To display all emojis correctly, a special font such as `noto-fonts-emoji` is needed:
 
 On NixOS, it can be installed using the following expression:
 
 ```nix
-{ pkgs, ... }: {
-  fonts.packages = with pkgs; [ noto-fonts-color-emoji ];
-}
+{ pkgs, ... }: { fonts.fonts = with pkgs; [ noto-fonts-emoji ]; }
 ```

doc/builders/packages/index.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+         xml:id="chap-packages">
+ <title>Packages</title>
+ <para>
+  This chapter contains information about how to use and maintain the Nix expressions for a number of specific packages, such as the Linux kernel or X.org.
+ </para>
+ <xi:include href="citrix.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="dlib.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="eclipse.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="elm.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="emacs.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="firefox.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="fish.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="fuse.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="ibus.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="kakoune.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="linux.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="locales.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="etc-files.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="nginx.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="opengl.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="shell-helpers.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="steam.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="cataclysm-dda.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="urxvt.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="weechat.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="xorg.section.xml" />
+</chapter>

doc/builders/packages/linux.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Linux kernel {#sec-linux-kernel}
+
+The Nix expressions to build the Linux kernel are in [`pkgs/os-specific/linux/kernel`](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/os-specific/linux/kernel).
+
+The function that builds the kernel has an argument `kernelPatches` which should be a list of `{name, patch, extraConfig}` attribute sets, where `name` is the name of the patch (which is included in the kernel’s `meta.description` attribute), `patch` is the patch itself (possibly compressed), and `extraConfig` (optional) is a string specifying extra options to be concatenated to the kernel configuration file (`.config`).
+
+The kernel derivation exports an attribute `features` specifying whether optional functionality is or isn’t enabled. This is used in NixOS to implement kernel-specific behaviour. For instance, if the kernel has the `iwlwifi` feature (i.e., has built-in support for Intel wireless chipsets), then NixOS doesn’t have to build the external `iwlwifi` package:
+
+```nix
+modulesTree = [kernel]
+  ++ pkgs.lib.optional (!kernel.features ? iwlwifi) kernelPackages.iwlwifi
+  ++ ...;
+```
+
+How to add a new (major) version of the Linux kernel to Nixpkgs:
+
+1.  Copy the old Nix expression (e.g., `linux-2.6.21.nix`) to the new one (e.g., `linux-2.6.22.nix`) and update it.
+
+2.  Add the new kernel to the `kernels` attribute set in `linux-kernels.nix` (e.g., create an attribute `kernel_2_6_22`).
+
+3.  Now we’re going to update the kernel configuration. First unpack the kernel. Then for each supported platform (`i686`, `x86_64`, `uml`) do the following:
+
+    1.  Make a copy from the old config (e.g., `config-2.6.21-i686-smp`) to the new one (e.g., `config-2.6.22-i686-smp`).
+
+    2.  Copy the config file for this platform (e.g., `config-2.6.22-i686-smp`) to `.config` in the kernel source tree.
+
+    3.  Run `make oldconfig ARCH={i386,x86_64,um}` and answer all questions. (For the uml configuration, also add `SHELL=bash`.) Make sure to keep the configuration consistent between platforms (i.e., don’t enable some feature on `i686` and disable it on `x86_64`).
+
+    4.  If needed, you can also run `make menuconfig`:
+
+        ```ShellSession
+        $ nix-env -f "<nixpkgs>" -iA ncurses
+        $ export NIX_CFLAGS_LINK=-lncurses
+        $ make menuconfig ARCH=arch
+        ```
+
+    5.  Copy `.config` over the new config file (e.g., `config-2.6.22-i686-smp`).
+
+4.  Test building the kernel: `nix-build -A linuxKernel.kernels.kernel_2_6_22`. If it compiles, ship it! For extra credit, try booting NixOS with it.
+
+5.  It may be that the new kernel requires updating the external kernel modules and kernel-dependent packages listed in the `linuxPackagesFor` function in `linux-kernels.nix` (such as the NVIDIA drivers, AUFS, etc.). If the updated packages aren’t backwards compatible with older kernels, you may need to keep the older versions around.

doc/builders/packages/nginx.section.md

@@ -8,4 +8,4 @@ HTTP has a couple of different mechanisms for caching to prevent clients from ha
 
 Fortunately, HTTP supports an alternative (and more effective) caching mechanism: the [`ETag`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/ETag) response header. The value of the `ETag` header specifies some identifier for the particular content that the server is sending (e.g., a hash). When a client makes a second request for the same resource, it sends that value back in an `If-None-Match` header. If the ETag value is unchanged, then the server does not need to resend the content.
 
-As of NixOS 19.09, the nginx package in Nixpkgs is patched such that when nginx serves a file out of `/nix/store`, the hash in the store path is used as the `ETag` header in the HTTP response, thus providing proper caching functionality. With NixOS 24.05 and later, the `ETag` additionally includes the response content length, to ensure files served with static compression do not share `ETag`s with their uncompressed version. This `ETag` functionality is enabled automatically; you do not need to do modify any configuration to get this behavior.
+As of NixOS 19.09, the nginx package in Nixpkgs is patched such that when nginx serves a file out of `/nix/store`, the hash in the store path is used as the `ETag` header in the HTTP response, thus providing proper caching functionality. This happens automatically; you do not need to do modify any configuration to get this behavior.

doc/builders/packages/steam.section.md

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ Nix problems and constraints:
 - The `steam.sh` script in `$HOME` cannot be patched, as it is checked and rewritten by steam.
 - The steam binary cannot be patched, it's also checked.
 
-The current approach to deploy Steam in NixOS is composing a FHS-compatible chroot environment, as documented [here](https://sandervanderburg.blogspot.com/2013/09/composing-fhs-compatible-chroot.html). This allows us to have binaries in the expected paths without disrupting the system, and to avoid patching them to work in a non FHS environment.
+The current approach to deploy Steam in NixOS is composing a FHS-compatible chroot environment, as documented [here](http://sandervanderburg.blogspot.nl/2013/09/composing-fhs-compatible-chroot.html). This allows us to have binaries in the expected paths without disrupting the system, and to avoid patching them to work in a non FHS environment.
 
 ## How to play {#sec-steam-play}
 

doc/builders/packages/urxvt.section.md

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ $ nix repl
 map (p: p.name) pkgs.rxvt-unicode.plugins
 ```
 
-Alternatively, if your shell is bash or zsh and have completion enabled, type `nixpkgs.rxvt-unicode.plugins.<tab>`.
+Alternatively, if your shell is bash or zsh and have completion enabled, simply type `nixpkgs.rxvt-unicode.plugins.<tab>`.
 
 In addition to `plugins` the options `extraDeps` and `perlDeps` can be used to install extra packages. `extraDeps` can be used, for example, to provide `xsel` (a clipboard manager) to the clipboard plugin, without installing it globally:
 

doc/builders/special.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<chapter xmlns="http://docbook.org/ns/docbook"
+         xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
+         xml:id="chap-special">
+ <title>Special builders</title>
+ <para>
+  This chapter describes several special builders.
+ </para>
+ <xi:include href="special/fhs-environments.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="special/makesetuphook.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="special/mkshell.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="special/darwin-builder.section.xml" />
+ <xi:include href="special/vm-tools.section.xml" />
+</chapter>

doc/builders/special/darwin-builder.section.md

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+# darwin.builder {#sec-darwin-builder}
+
+`darwin.builder` provides a way to bootstrap a Linux builder on a macOS machine.
+
+This requires macOS version 12.4 or later.
+
+This also requires that port 22 on your machine is free (since Nix does not
+permit specifying a non-default SSH port for builders).
+
+You will also need to be a trusted user for your Nix installation.  In other
+words, your `/etc/nix/nix.conf` should have something like:
+
+```
+extra-trusted-users = <your username goes here>
+```
+
+To launch the builder, run the following flake:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ nix run nixpkgs#darwin.builder
+```
+
+That will prompt you to enter your `sudo` password:
+
+```
++ sudo --reset-timestamp /nix/store/…-install-credentials.sh ./keys
+Password:
+```
+
+… so that it can install a private key used to `ssh` into the build server.
+After that the script will launch the virtual machine and automatically log you
+in as the `builder` user:
+
+```
+<<< Welcome to NixOS 22.11.20220901.1bd8d11 (aarch64) - ttyAMA0 >>>
+
+Run 'nixos-help' for the NixOS manual.
+
+nixos login: builder (automatic login)
+
+
+[builder@nixos:~]$
+```
+
+> Note: When you need to stop the VM, run `shutdown now` as the `builder` user.
+
+To delegate builds to the remote builder, add the following options to your
+`nix.conf` file:
+
+```
+# - Replace ${ARCH} with either aarch64 or x86_64 to match your host machine
+# - Replace ${MAX_JOBS} with the maximum number of builds (pick 4 if you're not sure)
+builders = ssh-ng://builder@localhost ${ARCH}-linux /etc/nix/builder_ed25519 ${MAX_JOBS} - - - c3NoLWVkMjU1MTkgQUFBQUMzTnphQzFsWkRJMU5URTVBQUFBSUpCV2N4Yi9CbGFxdDFhdU90RStGOFFVV3JVb3RpQzVxQkorVXVFV2RWQ2Igcm9vdEBuaXhvcwo=
+
+# Not strictly necessary, but this will reduce your disk utilization
+builders-use-substitutes = true
+```
+
+… and then restart your Nix daemon to apply the change:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ sudo launchctl kickstart -k system/org.nixos.nix-daemon
+```
+
+## Example flake usage
+
+```
+{
+  inputs = {
+    nixpkgs.url = "github:nixos/nixpkgs/nixpkgs-22.11-darwin";
+    darwin.url = "github:lnl7/nix-darwin/master";
+    darwin.inputs.nixpkgs.follows = "nixpkgs";
+  };
+
+  outputs = { self, darwin, nixpkgs, ... }@inputs:
+  let
+
+    inherit (darwin.lib) darwinSystem;
+    system = "aarch64-darwin";
+    pkgs = nixpkgs.legacyPackages."${system}";
+    linuxSystem = builtins.replaceStrings [ "darwin" ] [ "linux" ] system;
+
+    darwin-builder = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
+      system = linuxSystem;
+      modules = [
+        "${nixpkgs}/nixos/modules/profiles/macos-builder.nix"
+        { virtualisation.host.pkgs = pkgs; }
+      ];
+    };
+  in {
+
+    darwinConfigurations = {
+      machine1 = darwinSystem {
+        inherit system;
+        modules = [
+          {
+            nix.distributedBuilds = true;
+            nix.buildMachines = [{
+              hostName = "ssh://builder@localhost";
+              system = linuxSystem;
+              maxJobs = 4;
+              supportedFeatures = [ "kvm" "benchmark" "big-parallel" ];
+            }];
+
+            launchd.daemons.darwin-builder = {
+              command = "${darwin-builder.config.system.build.macos-builder-installer}/bin/create-builder";
+              serviceConfig = {
+                KeepAlive = true;
+                RunAtLoad = true;
+                StandardOutPath = "/var/log/darwin-builder.log";
+                StandardErrorPath = "/var/log/darwin-builder.log";
+              };
+            };
+          }
+        ];
+      };
+    };
+
+  };
+}
+```
+
+## Reconfiguring the builder
+
+Initially you should not change the builder configuration else you will not be
+able to use the binary cache. However, after you have the builder running locally
+you may use it to build a modified builder with additional storage or memory.
+
+To do this, you just need to set the `virtualisation.darwin-builder.*` parameters as
+in the example below and rebuild.
+
+```
+    darwin-builder = nixpkgs.lib.nixosSystem {
+      system = linuxSystem;
+      modules = [
+        "${nixpkgs}/nixos/modules/profiles/macos-builder.nix"
+        {
+          virtualisation.host.pkgs = pkgs;
+          virtualisation.darwin-builder.diskSize = 5120;
+          virtualisation.darwin-builder.memorySize = 1024;
+          virtualisation.darwin-builder.hostPort = 33022;
+          virtualisation.darwin-builder.workingDirectory = "/var/lib/darwin-builder";
+        }
+      ];
+```
+
+You may make any other changes to your VM in this attribute set. For example,
+you could enable Docker or X11 forwarding to your Darwin host.
+

doc/builders/special/fhs-environments.section.md

@@ -11,8 +11,6 @@ Accepted arguments are:
         Packages to be installed for the main host's architecture (i.e. x86_64 on x86_64 installations). Along with libraries binaries are also installed.
 - `multiPkgs`
         Packages to be installed for all architectures supported by a host (i.e. i686 and x86_64 on x86_64 installations). Only libraries are installed by default.
-- `multiArch`
-        Whether to install 32bit multiPkgs into the FHSEnv in 64bit environments
 - `extraBuildCommands`
         Additional commands to be executed for finalizing the directory structure.
 - `extraBuildCommandsMulti`

doc/builders/special/makesetuphook.section.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # pkgs.makeSetupHook {#sec-pkgs.makeSetupHook}
 
-`pkgs.makeSetupHook` is a build helper that produces hooks that go in to `nativeBuildInputs`
+`pkgs.makeSetupHook` is a builder that produces hooks that go in to `nativeBuildInputs`
 
 ## Usage {#sec-pkgs.makeSetupHook-usage}
 
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ pkgs.makeSetupHook {
 } ./script.sh
 ```
 
-### setup hook that depends on the hello package and runs hello and @shell@ is substituted with path to bash {#sec-pkgs.makeSetupHook-usage-example}
+#### setup hook that depends on the hello package and runs hello and @shell@ is substituted with path to bash {#sec-pkgs.makeSetupHook-usage-example}
 
 ```nix
 pkgs.makeSetupHook {

doc/builders/special/mkshell.section.md

@@ -29,10 +29,6 @@ pkgs.mkShell {
 
 ... all the attributes of `stdenv.mkDerivation`.
 
-## Variants {#sec-pkgs-mkShell-variants}
-
-`pkgs.mkShellNoCC` is a variant that uses `stdenvNoCC` instead of `stdenv` as base environment. This is useful if no C compiler is needed in the shell environment.
-
 ## Building the shell {#sec-pkgs-mkShell-building}
 
 This derivation output will contain a text file that contains a reference to

doc/builders/special/vm-tools.section.md

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ A set of VM related utilities, that help in building some packages in more advan
 
 A bash script fragment that produces a disk image at `destination`.
 
-### Attributes {#vm-tools-createEmptyImage-attributes}
+### Attributes
 
 * `size`. The disk size, in MiB.
 * `fullName`. Name that will be written to `${destination}/nix-support/full-name`.
@@ -20,14 +20,14 @@ Thus, any pure Nix derivation should run unmodified.
 
 If the build fails and Nix is run with the `-K/--keep-failed` option, a script `run-vm` will be left behind in the temporary build directory that allows you to boot into the VM and debug it interactively.
 
-### Attributes {#vm-tools-runInLinuxVM-attributes}
+### Attributes
 
 * `preVM` (optional). Shell command to be evaluated *before* the VM is started (i.e., on the host).
 * `memSize` (optional, default `512`). The memory size of the VM in MiB.
 * `diskImage` (optional). A file system image to be attached to `/dev/sda`.
   Note that currently we expect the image to contain a filesystem, not a full disk image with a partition table etc.
 
-### Examples {#vm-tools-runInLinuxVM-examples}
+### Examples
 
 Build the derivation hello inside a VM:
 ```nix
@@ -56,13 +56,13 @@ runInLinuxVM (hello.overrideAttrs (_: {
 
 Takes a file, such as an ISO, and extracts its contents into the store.
 
-### Attributes {#vm-tools-extractFs-attributes}
+### Attributes
 
 * `file`. Path to the file to be extracted.
   Note that currently we expect the image to contain a filesystem, not a full disk image with a partition table etc.
 * `fs` (optional). Filesystem of the contents of the file.
 
-### Examples {#vm-tools-extractFs-examples}
+### Examples
 
 Extract the contents of an ISO file:
 ```nix
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Like [](#vm-tools-runInLinuxVM), but instead of using `stdenv` from the Nix stor
 
 Generate a script that can be used to run an interactive session in the given image.
 
-### Examples {#vm-tools-makeImageTestScript-examples}
+### Examples
 
 Create a script for running a Fedora 27 VM:
 ```nix
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ makeImageTestScript diskImages.ubuntu2004x86_64
 
 A set of functions that build a predefined set of minimal Linux distributions images.
 
-### Images {#vm-tools-diskImageFuns-images}
+### Images
 
 * Fedora
   * `fedora26x86_64`
@@ -126,12 +126,12 @@ A set of functions that build a predefined set of minimal Linux distributions im
   * `debian11i386`
   * `debian11x86_64`
 
-### Attributes {#vm-tools-diskImageFuns-attributes}
+### Attributes
 
 * `size` (optional, defaults to `4096`). The size of the image, in MiB.
 * `extraPackages` (optional). A list names of additional packages from the distribution that should be included in the image.
 
-### Examples {#vm-tools-diskImageFuns-examples}
+### Examples
 
 8GiB image containing Firefox in addition to the default packages:
 ```nix

doc/builders/testers.chapter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+# Testers {#chap-testers}
+This chapter describes several testing builders which are available in the <literal>testers</literal> namespace.
+
+## `hasPkgConfigModule` {#tester-hasPkgConfigModule}
+
+Checks whether a package exposes a certain `pkg-config` module.
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+passthru.tests.pkg-config = testers.hasPkgConfigModule {
+  package = finalAttrs.finalPackage;
+  moduleName = "libfoo";
+}
+```
+
+## `testVersion` {#tester-testVersion}
+
+Checks the command output contains the specified version
+
+Although simplistic, this test assures that the main program
+can run. While there's no substitute for a real test case,
+it does catch dynamic linking errors and such. It also provides
+some protection against accidentally building the wrong version,
+for example when using an 'old' hash in a fixed-output derivation.
+
+Examples:
+
+```nix
+passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion { package = hello; };
+
+passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion {
+  package = seaweedfs;
+  command = "weed version";
+};
+
+passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion {
+  package = key;
+  command = "KeY --help";
+  # Wrong '2.5' version in the code. Drop on next version.
+  version = "2.5";
+};
+
+passthru.tests.version = testers.testVersion {
+  package = ghr;
+  # The output needs to contain the 'version' string without any prefix or suffix.
+  version = "v${version}";
+};
+```
+
+## `testBuildFailure` {#tester-testBuildFailure}
+
+Make sure that a build does not succeed. This is useful for testing testers.
+
+This returns a derivation with an override on the builder, with the following effects:
+
+ - Fail the build when the original builder succeeds
+ - Move `$out` to `$out/result`, if it exists (assuming `out` is the default output)
+ - Save the build log to `$out/testBuildFailure.log` (same)
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+runCommand "example" {
+  failed = testers.testBuildFailure (runCommand "fail" {} ''
+    echo ok-ish >$out
+    echo failing though
+    exit 3
+  '');
+} ''
+  grep -F 'ok-ish' $failed/result
+  grep -F 'failing though' $failed/testBuildFailure.log
+  [[ 3 = $(cat $failed/testBuildFailure.exit) ]]
+  touch $out
+'';
+```
+
+While `testBuildFailure` is designed to keep changes to the original builder's
+environment to a minimum, some small changes are inevitable.
+
+ - The file `$TMPDIR/testBuildFailure.log` is present. It should not be deleted.
+ - `stdout` and `stderr` are a pipe instead of a tty. This could be improved.
+ - One or two extra processes are present in the sandbox during the original
+   builder's execution.
+ - The derivation and output hashes are different, but not unusual.
+ - The derivation includes a dependency on `buildPackages.bash` and
+   `expect-failure.sh`, which is built to include a transitive dependency on
+   `buildPackages.coreutils` and possibly more. These are not added to `PATH`
+   or any other environment variable, so they should be hard to observe.
+
+## `testEqualContents` {#tester-equalContents}
+
+Check that two paths have the same contents.
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+testers.testEqualContents {
+  assertion = "sed -e performs replacement";
+  expected = writeText "expected" ''
+    foo baz baz
+  '';
+  actual = runCommand "actual" {
+    # not really necessary for a package that's in stdenv
+    nativeBuildInputs = [ gnused ];
+    base = writeText "base" ''
+      foo bar baz
+    '';
+  } ''
+    sed -e 's/bar/baz/g' $base >$out
+  '';
+}
+```
+
+## `testEqualDerivation` {#tester-testEqualDerivation}
+
+Checks that two packages produce the exact same build instructions.
+
+This can be used to make sure that a certain difference of configuration,
+such as the presence of an overlay does not cause a cache miss.
+
+When the derivations are equal, the return value is an empty file.
+Otherwise, the build log explains the difference via `nix-diff`.
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+testers.testEqualDerivation
+  "The hello package must stay the same when enabling checks."
+  hello
+  (hello.overrideAttrs(o: { doCheck = true; }))
+```
+
+## `invalidateFetcherByDrvHash` {#tester-invalidateFetcherByDrvHash}
+
+Use the derivation hash to invalidate the output via name, for testing.
+
+Type: `(a@{ name, ... } -> Derivation) -> a -> Derivation`
+
+Normally, fixed output derivations can and should be cached by their output
+hash only, but for testing we want to re-fetch everytime the fetcher changes.
+
+Changes to the fetcher become apparent in the drvPath, which is a hash of
+how to fetch, rather than a fixed store path.
+By inserting this hash into the name, we can make sure to re-run the fetcher
+every time the fetcher changes.
+
+This relies on the assumption that Nix isn't clever enough to reuse its
+database of local store contents to optimize fetching.
+
+You might notice that the "salted" name derives from the normal invocation,
+not the final derivation. `invalidateFetcherByDrvHash` has to invoke the fetcher
+function twice: once to get a derivation hash, and again to produce the final
+fixed output derivation.
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+tests.fetchgit = testers.invalidateFetcherByDrvHash fetchgit {
+  name = "nix-source";
+  url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix";
+  rev = "9d9dbe6ed05854e03811c361a3380e09183f4f4a";
+  hash = "sha256-7DszvbCNTjpzGRmpIVAWXk20P0/XTrWZ79KSOGLrUWY=";
+};
+```
+
+## `runNixOSTest` {#tester-runNixOSTest}
+
+A helper function that behaves exactly like the NixOS `runTest`, except it also assigns this Nixpkgs package set as the `pkgs` of the test and makes the `nixpkgs.*` options read-only.
+
+If your test is part of the Nixpkgs repository, or if you need a more general entrypoint, see ["Calling a test" in the NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/index.html#sec-calling-nixos-tests).
+
+Example:
+
+```nix
+pkgs.testers.runNixOSTest ({ lib, ... }: {
+  name = "hello";
+  nodes.machine = { pkgs, ... }: {
+    environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.hello ];
+  };
+  testScript = ''
+    machine.succeed("hello")
+  '';
+})
+```
+
+## `nixosTest` {#tester-nixosTest}
+
+Run a NixOS VM network test using this evaluation of Nixpkgs.
+
+NOTE: This function is primarily for external use. NixOS itself uses `make-test-python.nix` directly. Packages defined in Nixpkgs [reuse NixOS tests via `nixosTests`, plural](#ssec-nixos-tests-linking).
+
+It is mostly equivalent to the function `import ./make-test-python.nix` from the
+[NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/index.html#sec-nixos-tests),
+except that the current application of Nixpkgs (`pkgs`) will be used, instead of
+letting NixOS invoke Nixpkgs anew.
+
+If a test machine needs to set NixOS options under `nixpkgs`, it must set only the
+`nixpkgs.pkgs` option.
+
+### Parameter {#tester-nixosTest-parameter}
+
+A [NixOS VM test network](https://nixos.org/nixos/manual/index.html#sec-nixos-tests), or path to it. Example:
+
+```nix
+{
+  name = "my-test";
+  nodes = {
+    machine1 = { lib, pkgs, nodes, ... }: {
+      environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.hello ];
+      services.foo.enable = true;
+    };
+    # machine2 = ...;
+  };
+  testScript = ''
+    start_all()
+    machine1.wait_for_unit("foo.service")
+    machine1.succeed("hello | foo-send")
+  '';
+}
+```
+
+### Result {#tester-nixosTest-result}
+
+A derivation that runs the VM test.
+
+Notable attributes:
+
+ * `nodes`: the evaluated NixOS configurations. Useful for debugging and exploring the configuration.
+
+ * `driverInteractive`: a script that launches an interactive Python session in the context of the `testScript`.

doc/builders/trivial-builders.chapter.md

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# Trivial builders {#chap-trivial-builders}
+
+Nixpkgs provides a couple of functions that help with building derivations. The most important one, `stdenv.mkDerivation`, has already been documented above. The following functions wrap `stdenv.mkDerivation`, making it easier to use in certain cases.
+
+## `runCommand` {#trivial-builder-runCommand}
+
+This takes three arguments, `name`, `env`, and `buildCommand`. `name` is just the name that Nix will append to the store path in the same way that `stdenv.mkDerivation` uses its `name` attribute. `env` is an attribute set specifying environment variables that will be set for this derivation. These attributes are then passed to the wrapped `stdenv.mkDerivation`. `buildCommand` specifies the commands that will be run to create this derivation. Note that you will need to create `$out` for Nix to register the command as successful.
+
+An example of using `runCommand` is provided below.
+
+```nix
+(import <nixpkgs> {}).runCommand "my-example" {} ''
+  echo My example command is running
+
+  mkdir $out
+
+  echo I can write data to the Nix store > $out/message
+
+  echo I can also run basic commands like:
+
+  echo ls
+  ls
+
+  echo whoami
+  whoami
+
+  echo date
+  date
+''
+```
+
+## `runCommandCC` {#trivial-builder-runCommandCC}
+
+This works just like `runCommand`. The only difference is that it also provides a C compiler in `buildCommand`'s environment. To minimize your dependencies, you should only use this if you are sure you will need a C compiler as part of running your command.
+
+## `runCommandLocal` {#trivial-builder-runCommandLocal}
+
+Variant of `runCommand` that forces the derivation to be built locally, it is not substituted. This is intended for very cheap commands (<1s execution time). It saves on the network round-trip and can speed up a build.
+
+::: {.note}
+This sets [`allowSubstitutes` to `false`](https://nixos.org/nix/manual/#adv-attr-allowSubstitutes), so only use `runCommandLocal` if you are certain the user will always have a builder for the `system` of the derivation. This should be true for most trivial use cases (e.g., just copying some files to a different location or adding symlinks) because there the `system` is usually the same as `builtins.currentSystem`.
+:::
+
+## `writeTextFile`, `writeText`, `writeTextDir`, `writeScript`, `writeScriptBin` {#trivial-builder-writeText}
+
+These functions write `text` to the Nix store. This is useful for creating scripts from Nix expressions. `writeTextFile` takes an attribute set and expects two arguments, `name` and `text`. `name` corresponds to the name used in the Nix store path. `text` will be the contents of the file. You can also set `executable` to true to make this file have the executable bit set.
+
+Many more commands wrap `writeTextFile` including `writeText`, `writeTextDir`, `writeScript`, and `writeScriptBin`. These are convenience functions over `writeTextFile`.
+
+Here are a few examples:
+```nix
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path>
+writeTextFile {
+  name = "my-file";
+  text = ''
+    Contents of File
+  '';
+}
+# See also the `writeText` helper function below.
+
+# Writes executable my-file to /nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-file
+writeTextFile {
+  name = "my-file";
+  text = ''
+    Contents of File
+  '';
+  executable = true;
+  destination = "/bin/my-file";
+}
+# Writes contents of file to /nix/store/<store path>
+writeText "my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+# Writes contents of file to /nix/store/<store path>/share/my-file
+writeTextDir "share/my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path> and makes executable
+writeScript "my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-file and makes executable.
+writeScriptBin "my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path> and makes executable.
+writeShellScript "my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-file and makes executable.
+writeShellScriptBin "my-file"
+  ''
+  Contents of File
+  '';
+
+```
+
+## `concatTextFile`, `concatText`, `concatScript` {#trivial-builder-concatText}
+
+These functions concatenate `files` to the Nix store in a single file. This is useful for configuration files structured in lines of text. `concatTextFile` takes an attribute set and expects two arguments, `name` and `files`. `name` corresponds to the name used in the Nix store path. `files` will be the files to be concatenated. You can also set `executable` to true to make this file have the executable bit set.
+`concatText` and`concatScript` are simple wrappers over `concatTextFile`.
+
+Here are a few examples:
+```nix
+
+# Writes my-file to /nix/store/<store path>
+concatTextFile {
+  name = "my-file";
+  files = [ drv1 "${drv2}/path/to/file" ];
+}
+# See also the `concatText` helper function below.
+
+# Writes executable my-file to /nix/store/<store path>/bin/my-file
+concatTextFile {
+  name = "my-file";
+  files = [ drv1 "${drv2}/path/to/file" ];
+  executable = true;
+  destination = "/bin/my-file";
+}
+# Writes contents of files to /nix/store/<store path>
+concatText "my-file" [ file1 file2 ]
+
+# Writes contents of files to /nix/store/<store path>
+concatScript "my-file" [ file1 file2 ]
+```
+
+## `writeShellApplication` {#trivial-builder-writeShellApplication}
+
+This can be used to easily produce a shell script that has some dependencies (`runtimeInputs`). It automatically sets the `PATH` of the script to contain all of the listed inputs, sets some sanity shellopts (`errexit`, `nounset`, `pipefail`), and checks the resulting script with [`shellcheck`](https://github.com/koalaman/shellcheck).
+
+For example, look at the following code:
+
+```nix
+writeShellApplication {
+  name = "show-nixos-org";
+
+  runtimeInputs = [ curl w3m ];
+
+  text = ''
+    curl -s 'https://nixos.org' | w3m -dump -T text/html
+  '';
+}
+```
+
+Unlike with normal `writeShellScriptBin`, there is no need to manually write out `${curl}/bin/curl`, setting the PATH
+was handled by `writeShellApplication`. Moreover, the script is being checked with `shellcheck` for more strict
+validation.
+
+## `symlinkJoin` {#trivial-builder-symlinkJoin}
+
+This can be used to put many derivations into the same directory structure. It works by creating a new derivation and adding symlinks to each of the paths listed. It expects two arguments, `name`, and `paths`. `name` is the name used in the Nix store path for the created derivation. `paths` is a list of paths that will be symlinked. These paths can be to Nix store derivations or any other subdirectory contained within.
+Here is an example:
+```nix
+# adds symlinks of hello and stack to current build and prints "links added"
+symlinkJoin { name = "myexample"; paths = [ pkgs.hello pkgs.stack ]; postBuild = "echo links added"; }
+```
+This creates a derivation with a directory structure like the following:
+```
+/nix/store/sglsr5g079a5235hy29da3mq3hv8sjmm-myexample
+|-- bin
+|   |-- hello -> /nix/store/qy93dp4a3rqyn2mz63fbxjg228hffwyw-hello-2.10/bin/hello
+|   `-- stack -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/bin/stack
+`-- share
+    |-- bash-completion
+    |   `-- completions
+    |       `-- stack -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/share/bash-completion/completions/stack
+    |-- fish
+    |   `-- vendor_completions.d
+    |       `-- stack.fish -> /nix/store/6lzdpxshx78281vy056lbk553ijsdr44-stack-2.1.3.1/share/fish/vendor_completions.d/stack.fish
+...
+```
+
+## `writeReferencesToFile` {#trivial-builder-writeReferencesToFile}
+
+Writes the closure of transitive dependencies to a file.
+
+This produces the equivalent of `nix-store -q --requisites`.
+
+For example,
+
+```nix
+writeReferencesToFile (writeScriptBin "hi" ''${hello}/bin/hello'')
+```
+
+produces an output path `/nix/store/<hash>-runtime-deps` containing
+
+```nix
+/nix/store/<hash>-hello-2.10
+/nix/store/<hash>-hi
+/nix/store/<hash>-libidn2-2.3.0
+/nix/store/<hash>-libunistring-0.9.10
+/nix/store/<hash>-glibc-2.32-40
+```
+
+You can see that this includes `hi`, the original input path,
+`hello`, which is a direct reference, but also
+the other paths that are indirectly required to run `hello`.
+
+## `writeDirectReferencesToFile` {#trivial-builder-writeDirectReferencesToFile}
+
+Writes the set of references to the output file, that is, their immediate dependencies.
+
+This produces the equivalent of `nix-store -q --references`.
+
+For example,
+
+```nix
+writeDirectReferencesToFile (writeScriptBin "hi" ''${hello}/bin/hello'')
+```
+
+produces an output path `/nix/store/<hash>-runtime-references` containing
+
+```nix
+/nix/store/<hash>-hello-2.10
+```
+
+but none of `hello`'s dependencies because those are not referenced directly
+by `hi`'s output.

doc/common.nix

@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-{
-  outputPath = "share/doc/nixpkgs";
-  indexPath = "manual.html";
-}

doc/contributing.md

@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# Contributing to Nixpkgs {#part-contributing}
-
-```{=include=} chapters
-contributing/quick-start.chapter.md
-contributing/coding-conventions.chapter.md
-contributing/submitting-changes.chapter.md
-contributing/vulnerability-roundup.chapter.md
-contributing/reviewing-contributions.chapter.md
-contributing/contributing-to-documentation.chapter.md
-```

doc/contributing/coding-conventions.chapter.md

@@ -1,63 +1,691 @@
 # Coding conventions {#chap-conventions}
 
-This section has been moved to [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
-
 ## Syntax {#sec-syntax}
 
-This section has been moved to [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
+- Use 2 spaces of indentation per indentation level in Nix expressions, 4 spaces in shell scripts.
+
+- Do not use tab characters, i.e. configure your editor to use soft tabs. For instance, use `(setq-default indent-tabs-mode nil)` in Emacs. Everybody has different tab settings so it’s asking for trouble.
+
+- Use `lowerCamelCase` for variable names, not `UpperCamelCase`. Note, this rule does not apply to package attribute names, which instead follow the rules in [](#sec-package-naming).
+
+- Function calls with attribute set arguments are written as
+
+  ```nix
+  foo {
+    arg = ...;
+  }
+  ```
+
+  not
+
+  ```nix
+  foo
+  {
+    arg = ...;
+  }
+  ```
+
+  Also fine is
+
+  ```nix
+  foo { arg = ...; }
+  ```
+
+  if it's a short call.
+
+- In attribute sets or lists that span multiple lines, the attribute names or list elements should be aligned:
+
+  ```nix
+  # A long list.
+  list = [
+    elem1
+    elem2
+    elem3
+  ];
+
+  # A long attribute set.
+  attrs = {
+    attr1 = short_expr;
+    attr2 =
+      if true then big_expr else big_expr;
+  };
+
+  # Combined
+  listOfAttrs = [
+    {
+      attr1 = 3;
+      attr2 = "fff";
+    }
+    {
+      attr1 = 5;
+      attr2 = "ggg";
+    }
+  ];
+  ```
+
+- Short lists or attribute sets can be written on one line:
+
+  ```nix
+  # A short list.
+  list = [ elem1 elem2 elem3 ];
+
+  # A short set.
+  attrs = { x = 1280; y = 1024; };
+  ```
+
+- Breaking in the middle of a function argument can give hard-to-read code, like
+
+  ```nix
+  someFunction { x = 1280;
+    y = 1024; } otherArg
+    yetAnotherArg
+  ```
+
+  (especially if the argument is very large, spanning multiple lines).
+
+  Better:
+
+  ```nix
+  someFunction
+    { x = 1280; y = 1024; }
+    otherArg
+    yetAnotherArg
+  ```
+
+  or
+
+  ```nix
+  let res = { x = 1280; y = 1024; };
+  in someFunction res otherArg yetAnotherArg
+  ```
+
+- The bodies of functions, asserts, and withs are not indented to prevent a lot of superfluous indentation levels, i.e.
+
+  ```nix
+  { arg1, arg2 }:
+  assert system == "i686-linux";
+  stdenv.mkDerivation { ...
+  ```
+
+  not
+
+  ```nix
+  { arg1, arg2 }:
+    assert system == "i686-linux";
+      stdenv.mkDerivation { ...
+  ```
+
+- Function formal arguments are written as:
+
+  ```nix
+  { arg1, arg2, arg3 }:
+  ```
+
+  but if they don't fit on one line they're written as:
+
+  ```nix
+  { arg1, arg2, arg3
+  , arg4, ...
+  , # Some comment...
+    argN
+  }:
+  ```
+
+- Functions should list their expected arguments as precisely as possible. That is, write
+
+  ```nix
+  { stdenv, fetchurl, perl }: ...
+  ```
+
+  instead of
+
+  ```nix
+  args: with args; ...
+  ```
+
+  or
+
+  ```nix
+  { stdenv, fetchurl, perl, ... }: ...
+  ```
+
+  For functions that are truly generic in the number of arguments (such as wrappers around `mkDerivation`) that have some required arguments, you should write them using an `@`-pattern:
+
+  ```nix
+  { stdenv, doCoverageAnalysis ? false, ... } @ args:
+
+  stdenv.mkDerivation (args // {
+    ... if doCoverageAnalysis then "bla" else "" ...
+  })
+  ```
+
+  instead of
+
+  ```nix
+  args:
+
+  args.stdenv.mkDerivation (args // {
+    ... if args ? doCoverageAnalysis && args.doCoverageAnalysis then "bla" else "" ...
+  })
+  ```
+
+- Unnecessary string conversions should be avoided. Do
+
+  ```nix
+  rev = version;
+  ```
+
+  instead of
+
+  ```nix
+  rev = "${version}";
+  ```
+
+- Building lists conditionally _should_ be done with `lib.optional(s)` instead of using `if cond then [ ... ] else null` or `if cond then [ ... ] else [ ]`.
+
+  ```nix
+  buildInputs = lib.optional stdenv.isDarwin iconv;
+  ```
+
+  instead of
+
+  ```nix
+  buildInputs = if stdenv.isDarwin then [ iconv ] else null;
+  ```
+
+  As an exception, an explicit conditional expression with null can be used when fixing a important bug without triggering a mass rebuild.
+  If this is done a follow up pull request _should_ be created to change the code to `lib.optional(s)`.
+
+- Arguments should be listed in the order they are used, with the exception of `lib`, which always goes first.
 
 ## Package naming {#sec-package-naming}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+The key words _must_, _must not_, _required_, _shall_, _shall not_, _should_, _should not_, _recommended_, _may_, and _optional_ in this section are to be interpreted as described in [RFC 2119](https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2119). Only _emphasized_ words are to be interpreted in this way.
+
+In Nixpkgs, there are generally three different names associated with a package:
+
+- The `pname` attribute of the derivation. This is what most users see, in particular when using `nix-env`.
+
+- The variable name used for the instantiated package in `all-packages.nix`, and when passing it as a dependency to other functions. Typically this is called the _package attribute name_. This is what Nix expression authors see. It can also be used when installing using `nix-env -iA`.
+
+- The filename for (the directory containing) the Nix expression.
+
+Most of the time, these are the same. For instance, the package `e2fsprogs` has a `pname` attribute `"e2fsprogs"`, is bound to the variable name `e2fsprogs` in `all-packages.nix`, and the Nix expression is in `pkgs/os-specific/linux/e2fsprogs/default.nix`.
+
+There are a few naming guidelines:
+
+- The `pname` attribute _should_ be identical to the upstream package name.
+
+- The `pname` and the `version` attribute _must not_ contain uppercase letters — e.g., `"mplayer" instead of `"MPlayer"`.
+
+- The `version` attribute _must_ start with a digit e.g`"0.3.1rc2".
+
+- If a package is not a release but a commit from a repository, then the `version` attribute _must_ be the date of that (fetched) commit. The date _must_ be in `"unstable-YYYY-MM-DD"` format.
+
+- Dashes in the package `pname` _should_ be preserved in new variable names, rather than converted to underscores or camel cased — e.g., `http-parser` instead of `http_parser` or `httpParser`. The hyphenated style is preferred in all three package names.
+
+- If there are multiple versions of a package, this _should_ be reflected in the variable names in `all-packages.nix`, e.g. `json-c_0_9` and `json-c_0_11`. If there is an obvious “default” version, make an attribute like `json-c = json-c_0_9;`. See also [](#sec-versioning)
 
 ## File naming and organisation {#sec-organisation}
 
-This section has been moved to [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md).
+Names of files and directories should be in lowercase, with dashes between words — not in camel case. For instance, it should be `all-packages.nix`, not `allPackages.nix` or `AllPackages.nix`.
+
+### Hierarchy {#sec-hierarchy}
+
+Each package should be stored in its own directory somewhere in the `pkgs/` tree, i.e. in `pkgs/category/subcategory/.../pkgname`. Below are some rules for picking the right category for a package. Many packages fall under several categories; what matters is the _primary_ purpose of a package. For example, the `libxml2` package builds both a library and some tools; but it’s a library foremost, so it goes under `pkgs/development/libraries`.
+
+When in doubt, consider refactoring the `pkgs/` tree, e.g. creating new categories or splitting up an existing category.
+
+**If it’s used to support _software development_:**
+
+- **If it’s a _library_ used by other packages:**
+
+  - `development/libraries` (e.g. `libxml2`)
+
+- **If it’s a _compiler_:**
+
+  - `development/compilers` (e.g. `gcc`)
+
+- **If it’s an _interpreter_:**
+
+  - `development/interpreters` (e.g. `guile`)
+
+- **If it’s a (set of) development _tool(s)_:**
+
+  - **If it’s a _parser generator_ (including lexers):**
+
+    - `development/tools/parsing` (e.g. `bison`, `flex`)
+
+  - **If it’s a _build manager_:**
+
+    - `development/tools/build-managers` (e.g. `gnumake`)
+
+  - **If it’s a _language server_:**
+
+    - `development/tools/language-servers` (e.g. `ccls` or `rnix-lsp`)
+
+  - **Else:**
+
+    - `development/tools/misc` (e.g. `binutils`)
+
+- **Else:**
+
+  - `development/misc`
+
+**If it’s a (set of) _tool(s)_:**
+
+(A tool is a relatively small program, especially one intended to be used non-interactively.)
+
+- **If it’s for _networking_:**
+
+  - `tools/networking` (e.g. `wget`)
+
+- **If it’s for _text processing_:**
+
+  - `tools/text` (e.g. `diffutils`)
+
+- **If it’s a _system utility_, i.e., something related or essential to the operation of a system:**
+
+  - `tools/system` (e.g. `cron`)
+
+- **If it’s an _archiver_ (which may include a compression function):**
+
+  - `tools/archivers` (e.g. `zip`, `tar`)
+
+- **If it’s a _compression_ program:**
+
+  - `tools/compression` (e.g. `gzip`, `bzip2`)
+
+- **If it’s a _security_-related program:**
+
+  - `tools/security` (e.g. `nmap`, `gnupg`)
+
+- **Else:**
+
+  - `tools/misc`
+
+**If it’s a _shell_:**
+
+- `shells` (e.g. `bash`)
+
+**If it’s a _server_:**
+
+- **If it’s a web server:**
+
+  - `servers/http` (e.g. `apache-httpd`)
+
+- **If it’s an implementation of the X Windowing System:**
+
+  - `servers/x11` (e.g. `xorg` — this includes the client libraries and programs)
+
+- **Else:**
+
+  - `servers/misc`
+
+**If it’s a _desktop environment_:**
+
+- `desktops` (e.g. `kde`, `gnome`, `enlightenment`)
+
+**If it’s a _window manager_:**
+
+- `applications/window-managers` (e.g. `awesome`, `stumpwm`)
+
+**If it’s an _application_:**
+
+A (typically large) program with a distinct user interface, primarily used interactively.
+
+- **If it’s a _version management system_:**
+
+  - `applications/version-management` (e.g. `subversion`)
+
+- **If it’s a _terminal emulator_:**
+
+  - `applications/terminal-emulators` (e.g. `alacritty` or `rxvt` or `termite`)
+
+- **If it’s a _file manager_:**
+
+  - `applications/file-managers` (e.g. `mc` or `ranger` or `pcmanfm`)
+
+- **If it’s for _video playback / editing_:**
+
+  - `applications/video` (e.g. `vlc`)
+
+- **If it’s for _graphics viewing / editing_:**
+
+  - `applications/graphics` (e.g. `gimp`)
+
+- **If it’s for _networking_:**
+
+  - **If it’s a _mailreader_:**
+
+    - `applications/networking/mailreaders` (e.g. `thunderbird`)
+
+  - **If it’s a _newsreader_:**
+
+    - `applications/networking/newsreaders` (e.g. `pan`)
+
+  - **If it’s a _web browser_:**
+
+    - `applications/networking/browsers` (e.g. `firefox`)
+
+  - **Else:**
+
+    - `applications/networking/misc`
+
+- **Else:**
+
+  - `applications/misc`
+
+**If it’s _data_ (i.e., does not have a straight-forward executable semantics):**
+
+- **If it’s a _font_:**
+
+  - `data/fonts`
+
+- **If it’s an _icon theme_:**
+
+  - `data/icons`
+
+- **If it’s related to _SGML/XML processing_:**
+
+  - **If it’s an _XML DTD_:**
+
+    - `data/sgml+xml/schemas/xml-dtd` (e.g. `docbook`)
+
+  - **If it’s an _XSLT stylesheet_:**
+
+    (Okay, these are executable...)
+
+    - `data/sgml+xml/stylesheets/xslt` (e.g. `docbook-xsl`)
+
+- **If it’s a _theme_ for a _desktop environment_, a _window manager_ or a _display manager_:**
+
+  - `data/themes`
+
+**If it’s a _game_:**
+
+- `games`
+
+**Else:**
+
+- `misc`
 
 ### Versioning {#sec-versioning}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Because every version of a package in Nixpkgs creates a potential maintenance burden, old versions of a package should not be kept unless there is a good reason to do so. For instance, Nixpkgs contains several versions of GCC because other packages don’t build with the latest version of GCC. Other examples are having both the latest stable and latest pre-release version of a package, or to keep several major releases of an application that differ significantly in functionality.
+
+If there is only one version of a package, its Nix expression should be named `e2fsprogs/default.nix`. If there are multiple versions, this should be reflected in the filename, e.g. `e2fsprogs/1.41.8.nix` and `e2fsprogs/1.41.9.nix`. The version in the filename should leave out unnecessary detail. For instance, if we keep the latest Firefox 2.0.x and 3.5.x versions in Nixpkgs, they should be named `firefox/2.0.nix` and `firefox/3.5.nix`, respectively (which, at a given point, might contain versions `2.0.0.20` and `3.5.4`). If a version requires many auxiliary files, you can use a subdirectory for each version, e.g. `firefox/2.0/default.nix` and `firefox/3.5/default.nix`.
+
+All versions of a package _must_ be included in `all-packages.nix` to make sure that they evaluate correctly.
 
 ## Fetching Sources {#sec-sources}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+There are multiple ways to fetch a package source in nixpkgs. The general guideline is that you should package reproducible sources with a high degree of availability. Right now there is only one fetcher which has mirroring support and that is `fetchurl`. Note that you should also prefer protocols which have a corresponding proxy environment variable.
+
+You can find many source fetch helpers in `pkgs/build-support/fetch*`.
+
+In the file `pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix` you can find fetch helpers, these have names on the form `fetchFrom*`. The intention of these are to provide snapshot fetches but using the same api as some of the version controlled fetchers from `pkgs/build-support/`. As an example going from bad to good:
+
+- Bad: Uses `git://` which won't be proxied.
+
+  ```nix
+  src = fetchgit {
+    url = "git@github.com:NixOS/nix.git"
+    url = "git://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
+    rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
+    hash = "sha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Better: This is ok, but an archive fetch will still be faster.
+
+  ```nix
+  src = fetchgit {
+    url = "https://github.com/NixOS/nix.git";
+    rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
+    hash = "sha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
+  }
+  ```
+
+- Best: Fetches a snapshot archive and you get the rev you want.
+
+  ```nix
+  src = fetchFromGitHub {
+    owner = "NixOS";
+    repo = "nix";
+    rev = "1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae";
+    hash = "ha256-7D4m+saJjbSFP5hOwpQq2FGR2rr+psQMTcyb1ZvtXsQ=";
+  }
+  ```
+
+When fetching from GitHub, commits must always be referenced by their full commit hash. This is because GitHub shares commit hashes among all forks and returns `404 Not Found` when a short commit hash is ambiguous. It already happens for some short, 6-character commit hashes in `nixpkgs`.
+It is a practical vector for a denial-of-service attack by pushing large amounts of auto generated commits into forks and was already [demonstrated against GitHub Actions Beta](https://blog.teddykatz.com/2019/11/12/github-actions-dos.html).
+
+Find the value to put as `hash` by running `nix-shell -p nix-prefetch-github --run "nix-prefetch-github --rev 1f795f9f44607cc5bec70d1300150bfefcef2aae NixOS nix"`.
 
 ## Obtaining source hash {#sec-source-hashes}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Preferred source hash type is sha256. There are several ways to get it.
+
+1. Prefetch URL (with `nix-prefetch-XXX URL`, where `XXX` is one of `url`, `git`, `hg`, `cvs`, `bzr`, `svn`). Hash is printed to stdout.
+
+2. Prefetch by package source (with `nix-prefetch-url '<nixpkgs>' -A PACKAGE.src`, where `PACKAGE` is package attribute name). Hash is printed to stdout.
+
+    This works well when you've upgraded existing package version and want to find out new hash, but is useless if package can't be accessed by attribute or package has multiple sources (`.srcs`, architecture-dependent sources, etc).
+
+3. Upstream provided hash: use it when upstream provides `sha256` or `sha512` (when upstream provides `md5`, don't use it, compute `sha256` instead).
+
+    A little nuance is that `nix-prefetch-*` tools produce hash encoded with `base32`, but upstream usually provides hexadecimal (`base16`) encoding. Fetchers understand both formats. Nixpkgs does not standardize on any one format.
+
+    You can convert between formats with nix-hash, for example:
+
+    ```ShellSession
+    $ nix-hash --type sha256 --to-base32 HASH
+    ```
+
+4. Extracting hash from local source tarball can be done with `sha256sum`. Use `nix-prefetch-url file:///path/to/tarball` if you want base32 hash.
+
+5. Fake hash: set the hash to one of
+
+   - `""`
+   - `lib.fakeHash`
+   - `lib.fakeSha256`
+   - `lib.fakeSha512`
+
+   in the package expression, attempt build and extract correct hash from error messages.
+
+   ::: {.warning}
+   You must use one of these four fake hashes and not some arbitrarily-chosen hash.
+
+   See [](#sec-source-hashes-security).
+   :::
+
+    This is last resort method when reconstructing source URL is non-trivial and `nix-prefetch-url -A` isn’t applicable (for example, [one of `kodi` dependencies](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/d2ab091dd308b99e4912b805a5eb088dd536adb9/pkgs/applications/video/kodi/default.nix#L73)). The easiest way then would be replace hash with a fake one and rebuild. Nix build will fail and error message will contain desired hash.
+
 
 ### Obtaining hashes securely {#sec-source-hashes-security}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Let's say Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) sits close to your network. Then instead of fetching source you can fetch malware, and instead of source hash you get hash of malware. Here are security considerations for this scenario:
+
+- `http://` URLs are not secure to prefetch hash from;
+
+- hashes from upstream (in method 3) should be obtained via secure protocol;
+
+- `https://` URLs are secure in methods 1, 2, 3;
+
+- `https://` URLs are secure in method 5 *only if* you use one of the listed fake hashes. If you use any other hash, `fetchurl` will pass `--insecure` to `curl` and may then degrade to HTTP in case of TLS certificate expiration.
 
 ## Patches {#sec-patches}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Patches available online should be retrieved using `fetchpatch`.
+
+```nix
+patches = [
+  (fetchpatch {
+    name = "fix-check-for-using-shared-freetype-lib.patch";
+    url = "http://git.ghostscript.com/?p=ghostpdl.git;a=patch;h=8f5d285";
+    hash = "sha256-uRcxaCjd+WAuGrXOmGfFeu79cUILwkRdBu48mwcBE7g=";
+  })
+];
+```
+
+Otherwise, you can add a `.patch` file to the `nixpkgs` repository. In the interest of keeping our maintenance burden to a minimum, only patches that are unique to `nixpkgs` should be added in this way.
+
+If a patch is available online but does not cleanly apply, it can be modified in some fixed ways by using additional optional arguments for `fetchpatch`. Check [](#fetchpatch) for details.
+
+```nix
+patches = [ ./0001-changes.patch ];
+```
+
+If you do need to do create this sort of patch file, one way to do so is with git:
+
+1. Move to the root directory of the source code you're patching.
+
+    ```ShellSession
+    $ cd the/program/source
+    ```
+
+2. If a git repository is not already present, create one and stage all of the source files.
+
+    ```ShellSession
+    $ git init
+    $ git add .
+    ```
+
+3. Edit some files to make whatever changes need to be included in the patch.
+
+4. Use git to create a diff, and pipe the output to a patch file:
+
+    ```ShellSession
+    $ git diff -a > nixpkgs/pkgs/the/package/0001-changes.patch
+    ```
 
 ## Package tests {#sec-package-tests}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Tests are important to ensure quality and make reviews and automatic updates easy.
+
+The following types of tests exists:
+
+* [NixOS **module tests**](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests), which spawn one or more NixOS VMs. They exercise both NixOS modules and the packaged programs used within them. For example, a NixOS module test can start a web server VM running the `nginx` module, and a client VM running `curl` or a graphical `firefox`, and test that they can talk to each other and display the correct content.
+* Nix **package tests** are a lightweight alternative to NixOS module tests. They should be used to create simple integration tests for packages, but cannot test NixOS services, and some programs with graphical user interfaces may also be difficult to test with them.
+* The **`checkPhase` of a package**, which should execute the unit tests that are included in the source code of a package.
+
+Here in the nixpkgs manual we describe mostly _package tests_; for _module tests_ head over to the corresponding [section in the NixOS manual](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests).
 
 ### Writing inline package tests {#ssec-inline-package-tests-writing}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+For very simple tests, they can be written inline:
+
+```nix
+{ …, yq-go }:
+
+buildGoModule rec {
+  …
+
+  passthru.tests = {
+    simple = runCommand "${pname}-test" {} ''
+      echo "test: 1" | ${yq-go}/bin/yq eval -j > $out
+      [ "$(cat $out | tr -d $'\n ')" = '{"test":1}' ]
+    '';
+  };
+}
+```
 
 ### Writing larger package tests {#ssec-package-tests-writing}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+This is an example using the `phoronix-test-suite` package with the current best practices.
+
+Add the tests in `passthru.tests` to the package definition like this:
+
+```nix
+{ stdenv, lib, fetchurl, callPackage }:
+
+stdenv.mkDerivation {
+  …
+
+  passthru.tests = {
+    simple-execution = callPackage ./tests.nix { };
+  };
+
+  meta = { … };
+}
+```
+
+Create `tests.nix` in the package directory:
+
+```nix
+{ runCommand, phoronix-test-suite }:
+
+let
+  inherit (phoronix-test-suite) pname version;
+in
+
+runCommand "${pname}-tests" { meta.timeout = 60; }
+  ''
+    # automatic initial setup to prevent interactive questions
+    ${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite enterprise-setup >/dev/null
+    # get version of installed program and compare with package version
+    if [[ `${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite version` != *"${version}"*  ]]; then
+      echo "Error: program version does not match package version"
+      exit 1
+    fi
+    # run dummy command
+    ${phoronix-test-suite}/bin/phoronix-test-suite dummy_module.dummy-command >/dev/null
+    # needed for Nix to register the command as successful
+    touch $out
+  ''
+```
 
 ### Running package tests {#ssec-package-tests-running}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+You can run these tests with:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ cd path/to/nixpkgs
+$ nix-build -A phoronix-test-suite.tests
+```
 
 ### Examples of package tests {#ssec-package-tests-examples}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Here are examples of package tests:
+
+- [Jasmin compile test](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/compilers/jasmin/test-assemble-hello-world/default.nix)
+- [Lobster compile test](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/compilers/lobster/test-can-run-hello-world.nix)
+- [Spacy annotation test](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/python-modules/spacy/annotation-test/default.nix)
+- [Libtorch test](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/libraries/science/math/libtorch/test/default.nix)
+- [Multiple tests for nanopb](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/libraries/nanopb/default.nix)
 
 ### Linking NixOS module tests to a package {#ssec-nixos-tests-linking}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Like [package tests](#ssec-package-tests-writing) as shown above, [NixOS module tests](https://nixos.org/manual/nixos/stable/#sec-nixos-tests) can also be linked to a package, so that the tests can be easily run when changing the related package.
+
+For example, assuming we're packaging `nginx`, we can link its module test via `passthru.tests`:
+
+```nix
+{ stdenv, lib, nixosTests }:
+
+stdenv.mkDerivation {
+  ...
+
+  passthru.tests = {
+    nginx = nixosTests.nginx;
+  };
+
+  ...
+}
+```
 
 ### Import From Derivation {#ssec-import-from-derivation}
 
-This section has been moved to [pkgs/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/README.md).
+Import From Derivation (IFD) is disallowed in Nixpkgs for performance reasons:
+[Hydra] evaluates the entire package set, and sequential builds during evaluation would increase evaluation times to become impractical.
+
+[Hydra]: https://github.com/NixOS/hydra
+
+Import From Derivation can be worked around in some cases by committing generated intermediate files to version control and reading those instead.
+
+<!-- TODO: remove the following and link to Nix manual once https://github.com/NixOS/nix/pull/7332 is merged -->
+
+See also [NixOS Wiki: Import From Derivation].
+
+[NixOS Wiki: Import From Derivation]: https://nixos.wiki/wiki/Import_From_Derivation

doc/contributing/contributing-to-documentation.chapter.md

@@ -1,11 +1,118 @@
-# Contributing to Nixpkgs documentation {#chap-contributing}
+# Contributing to this documentation {#chap-contributing}
 
-This section has been moved to [doc/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/doc/README.md).
+The sources of the Nixpkgs manual are in the [doc](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/tree/master/doc) subdirectory of the Nixpkgs repository. The manual is still partially written in DocBook but it is progressively being converted to [Markdown](#sec-contributing-markup).
 
-## devmode {#sec-contributing-devmode}
+You can quickly check your edits with `make`:
 
-This section has been moved to [doc/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/doc/README.md).
+```ShellSession
+$ cd /path/to/nixpkgs/doc
+$ nix-shell
+[nix-shell]$ make
+```
+
+If you experience problems, run `make debug` to help understand the docbook errors.
+
+After making modifications to the manual, it's important to build it before committing. You can do that as follows:
+
+```ShellSession
+$ cd /path/to/nixpkgs/doc
+$ nix-shell
+[nix-shell]$ make clean
+[nix-shell]$ nix-build .
+```
+
+If the build succeeds, the manual will be in `./result/share/doc/nixpkgs/manual.html`.
 
 ## Syntax {#sec-contributing-markup}
 
-This section has been moved to [doc/README.md](https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/doc/README.md).
+As per [RFC 0072](https://github.com/NixOS/rfcs/pull/72), all new documentation content should be written in [CommonMark](https://commonmark.org/) Markdown dialect.
+
+Additional syntax extensions are available, all of which can be used in NixOS option documentation. The following extensions are currently used:
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-anchors}
+  Explicitly defined **anchors** on headings, to allow linking to sections. These should be always used, to ensure the anchors can be linked even when the heading text changes, and to prevent conflicts between [automatically assigned identifiers](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/auto_identifiers.md).
+
+  It uses the widely compatible [header attributes](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/attributes.md) syntax:
+
+  ```markdown
+  ## Syntax {#sec-contributing-markup}
+  ```
+
+  ::: {.note}
+  NixOS option documentation does not support headings in general.
+  :::
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-anchors-inline}
+  **Inline anchors**, which allow linking arbitrary place in the text (e.g. individual list items, sentences…).
+
+  They are defined using a hybrid of the link syntax with the attributes syntax known from headings, called [bracketed spans](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/bracketed_spans.md):
+
+  ```markdown
+  - []{#ssec-gnome-hooks-glib} `glib` setup hook will populate `GSETTINGS_SCHEMAS_PATH` and then `wrapGAppsHook` will prepend it to `XDG_DATA_DIRS`.
+  ```
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-automatic-links}
+  If you **omit a link text** for a link pointing to a section, the text will be substituted automatically. For example, `[](#chap-contributing)` will result in [](#chap-contributing).
+
+  This syntax is taken from [MyST](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/using/syntax.html#targets-and-cross-referencing).
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-inline-roles}
+  If you want to link to a man page, you can use `` {manpage}`nix.conf(5)` ``, which will turn into {manpage}`nix.conf(5)`. The references will turn into links when a mapping exists in {file}`doc/manpage-urls.json`.
+
+  A few markups for other kinds of literals are also available:
+
+  - `` {command}`rm -rfi` `` turns into {command}`rm -rfi`
+  - `` {env}`XDG_DATA_DIRS` `` turns into {env}`XDG_DATA_DIRS`
+  - `` {file}`/etc/passwd` `` turns into {file}`/etc/passwd`
+  - `` {option}`networking.useDHCP` `` turns into {option}`networking.useDHCP`
+  - `` {var}`/etc/passwd` `` turns into {var}`/etc/passwd`
+
+  These literal kinds are used mostly in NixOS option documentation.
+
+  This syntax is taken from [MyST](https://myst-parser.readthedocs.io/en/latest/syntax/syntax.html#roles-an-in-line-extension-point). Though, the feature originates from [reStructuredText](https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/restructuredtext/roles.html#role-manpage) with slightly different syntax.
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-admonitions}
+  **Admonitions**, set off from the text to bring attention to something.
+
+  It uses pandoc’s [fenced `div`s syntax](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/fenced_divs.md):
+
+  ```markdown
+  ::: {.warning}
+  This is a warning
+  :::
+  ```
+
+  which renders as
+
+  > ::: {.warning}
+  > This is a warning.
+  > :::
+
+  The following are supported:
+
+    - [`caution`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/caution.html)
+    - [`important`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/important.html)
+    - [`note`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/note.html)
+    - [`tip`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/tip.html)
+    - [`warning`](https://tdg.docbook.org/tdg/5.0/warning.html)
+
+- []{#ssec-contributing-markup-definition-lists}
+  [**Definition lists**](https://github.com/jgm/commonmark-hs/blob/master/commonmark-extensions/test/definition_lists.md), for defining a group of terms:
+
+  ```markdown
+  pear
+  :   green or yellow bulbous fruit
+
+  watermelon
+  :   green fruit with red flesh
+  ```
+
+  which renders as
+
+  > pear
+  > :   green or yellow bulbous fruit
+  >
+  > watermelon
+  > :   green fruit with red flesh
+
+For contributing to the legacy parts, please see [DocBook: The Definitive Guide](https://tdg.docbook.org/) or the [DocBook rocks! primer](https://web.archive.org/web/20200816233747/https://docbook.rocks/).